Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
Spider Sense Gummies: A Comprehensive Guide to Their Benefits and Uses
In today’s fast-paced world, finding the right supplement to support overall health and wellness can be challenging. Spider Sense Gummies have gained popularity due to their unique formulation designed to enhance focus, energy, and well-being. But what exactly are these gummies, and how do they work? This article provides an in-depth look at Spider Sense Gummies, their ingredients, benefits, and why they may be a valuable addition to your daily routine.
What Are Spider Sense Gummies?
Spider Sense Gummies are a dietary supplement formulated to support cognitive function, energy levels, and overall vitality. Inspired by the heightened senses of the iconic superhero Spider-Man, these gummies claim to help individuals stay alert, focused, and energized throughout the day. They come in a tasty, chewable form, making them an easy and enjoyable alternative to pills and capsules.
https://www.facebook.com/SpiderSenseGummies
https://www.facebook.com/groups/spidersensegummies/
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1C9Ig8Fevg9Q8P2u5O5reK9J2LQxozxAz?usp=sharing
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1oDGfqUgR-acvoM2ttYRVvCVuYL7uNqFm?usp=sharing
https://1drv.ms/x/c/77ae07b4429dd4fc/EfzUnUK0B64ggHeNIAAAAAABlAPiOqsobWD2GsEcQLZvpA?e=xBoMU6
https://www.facebook.com/ProvigorMaleEnhancementShop /
https://www.facebook.com/groups/provigormaleenhancement/
https://www.italki.com/en/post/kYS3RK9S6jAwE8S4g9Pk2k
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/10G4PMmcPeFeSsXYHI5E-Rhl4D5wc0cq-?usp=sharing
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1YG-HgGGm-WXcxu4KgrHbngWrTwZlXM-T?usp=sharing
https://www.facebook.com/DuremaxMalePerformanceGummies/
https://www.facebook.com/groups/duremaxmaleperformancegummies/
https://www.italki.com/en/post/wITwxrrFcFDvK9uWL5dEal
https://www.italki.com/en/post/yA5HN8PBrAyvXTFKAXBHyU
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1L4gC5eYXjJ5Ufs0dkilA0M_KkD3nWLHi?usp=sharing
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1zU5EZQLxjbKCpOAFBy1cCijUA3Xh4QI-?usp=sharing
https://portalcliente.grupofagron.com/pt-BR/forums/support-forum/28493d61-44dd-ef11-95f5-6045bd3a603e
https://portalcliente.grupofagron.com/pt-BR/forums/support-forum/4d997f8c-44dd-ef11-95f5-6045bd3a603e
https://github.com/divyarajput3737/Duremax-Male-Performance-Gummies
https://www.facebook.com/SpiderSensePills/
https://www.facebook.com/groups/spidersensepills/
https://www.italki.com/en/post/piwHxr0P3hDe6cj46PcL3O
https://www.italki.com/en/post/lz7rdxb4MAkdQ8ybn7R2nq
https://portalcliente.grupofagron.com/pt-BR/forums/support-forum/fdea3f71-a4db-ef11-95f5-6045bd3a603e
https://portalcliente.grupofagron.com/pt-BR/forums/support-forum/0d1efba4-a4db-ef11-95f5-6045bd3a603e
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1jejh6eVMO4_ESZXBw4e9ZlNC28c2rh5N?usp=sharing
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1ow-QfhqBeNu7zrmGwVirzC3FbT65_BRa?usp=sharing
شركة كيان لنقل العفش بالرياض والمدينة المنورة وجدة ومكة والطائف والدمام تقديم لكم دليل كامل لشركات نقل العفش بالمملكة العربية السعودية
https://mycanadafitness.com/ شركة كيان لنقل العفش
https://mycanadafitness.com/forum.html منتدي نقل العفش
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnitureriyadh.html شركة نقل اثاث بالرياض
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurniturejaddah.html شركة نقل اثاث بجدة
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnituremecca.html شركة نقل اثاث بمكة
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnituretaif.html شركة نقل اثاث بالطائف
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnituremadina.html شركة نقل اثاث بالمدينة المنورة
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnituredammam.html شركة نقل اثاث بالدمام
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurniturekhobar.html شركة نقل اثاث بالخبر
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnituredhahran.html شركة نقل اثاث بالظهران
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurniturejubail.html شركة نقل اثاث بالجبيل
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnitureqatif.html شركة نقل اثاث بالقطيف
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnitureahsa.html شركة نقل اثاث بالاحساء
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurniturekharj.html شركة نقل اثاث بالخرج
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurniturekhamismushit.html شركة نقل اثاث بخميس مشيط
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnitureabha.html شركة نقل اثاث بابها
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurniturenajran.html شركة نقل اثاث بنجران
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurniturejazan.html شركة نقل اثاث بجازان
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnitureasir.html شركة نقل اثاث بعسير
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurniturehail.html شركة نقل اثاث بحائل
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnitureqassim.html شركة نقل عفش بالقصيم
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnitureyanbu.html شركة نقل اثاث بينبع
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnitureburaidah.html شركة نقل عفش ببريدة
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurniturehafralbatin.html شركة نقل عفش بحفر الباطن
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurniturerabigh.html شركة نقل عفش برابغ
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnituretabuk.html شركة نقل عفش بتبوك
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnitureasfan.html شركة نقل عفش بعسفان
https://mycanadafitness.com/movingfurnituresharora.html شركة نقل عفش بشرورة
https://mycanadafitness.com/companis-moving-riyadh.html شركات نقل العفش بالرياض
https://mycanadafitness.com/cars-moving-riyadh.html سيارات نقل العفش بالرياض
https://mycanadafitness.com/company-number-moving-riyadh.html ارقام شركات نقل العفش بالرياض
https://mycanadafitness.com/company-moving-jeddah.html شركات نقل العفش بجدة
https://mycanadafitness.com/price-moving-jeddah.html اسعار نقل العفش بجدة
https://mycanadafitness.com/company-moving-mecca.html شركات نقل العفش بمكة
شركات نقل عفش واثاث بجدة
شركات نقل عفش بالطائف
اسعار وارقام شركات نقل العفش بالمدينة المنورة
دينا نقل عفش جدة ,افضل دينا
ارخص شركه نقل عفش بجده
دليل شركات نقل العفش بجدة
شركة نقل عفش برابغ ,15 عام خبرة
شركات نقل عفش واثاث بالباحه
وسائل نقل العفش بخميس مشيط
https://emc-mee.com/blog.html شركات نقل العفش
اهم شركات كشف تسربات المياه بالدمام كذلك معرض اهم شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام والخبر والجبيل والخبر والاحساء والقطيف كذكل شركة تنظيف خزانات بجدة وتنظيف بجدة ومكافحة الحشرات بالخبر وكشف تسربات المياه بالجبيل والقطيف والخبر والدمام
https://emc-mee.com/cleaning-company-yanbu.html شركة تنظيف بينبع
https://emc-mee.com/blog.html شركة نقل عفش
اهم شركات مكافحة حشرات بالخبر كذلك معرض اهم شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام والخبر والجبيل والخبر والاحساء والقطيف كذلك شركة رش حشرات بالدمام ومكافحة الحشرات بالخبر
https://emc-mee.com/anti-insects-company-dammam.html شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام
شركة تنظيف خزانات بجدة الجوهرة من افضل شركات تنظيف الخزانات بجدة حيث ان تنظيف خزانات بجدة يحتاج الى مهارة فى كيفية غسيل وتنظيف الخزانات الكبيرة والصغيرة بجدة على ايدى متخصصين فى تنظيف الخزانات بجدة
https://emc-mee.com/tanks-cleaning-company-jeddah.html شركة تنظيف خزانات بجدة
https://emc-mee.com/water-leaks-detection-isolate-company-dammam.html شركة كشف تسربات المياه بالدمام
https://emc-mee.com/ شركة الفا لنقل عفش واثاث
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-jeddah.html شركة نقل عفش بجدة
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-almadina-almonawara.html شركة نقل عفش بالمدينة المنورة
https://emc-mee.com/movers-in-riyadh-company.html شركة نقل اثاث بالرياض
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-dammam.html شركة نقل عفش بالدمام
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-taif.html شركة نقل عفش بالطائف
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-mecca.html شركة نقل عفش بمكة
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-yanbu.html شركة نقل عفش بينبع
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-alkharj.html شركة نقل عفش بالخرج
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-buraydah.html شركة نقل عفش ببريدة
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-khamis-mushait.html شركة نقل عفش بخميس مشيط
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-qassim.html شركة نقل عفش بالقصيم
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-tabuk.html شركة نقل عفش بتبوك
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-abha.html شركة نقل عفش بابها
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-najran.html شركة نقل عفش بنجران
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-hail.html شركة نقل عفش بحائل
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-dhahran.html شركة نقل عفش بالظهران
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-kuwait.html شركة نقل عفش بالكويت
https://emc-mee.com/price-transfer-furniture-in-khamis-mushit.html اسعار شركات نقل عفش بخميس مشيط
https://emc-mee.com/numbers-company-transfer-furniture-in-khamis-mushit.html ارقام شركات نقل عفش بخميس مشيط
https://emc-mee.com/new-company-transfer-furniture-in-khamis-mushit.html شركة نقل عفش بخميس مشيط جديدة
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-from-khamis-to-riyadh.html شركة نقل عفش من خميس مشيط الي الرياض
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-from-khamis-mushait-to-mecca.html شركة نقل عفش من خميس مشيط الي مكة
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-from-khamis-mushait-to-jeddah.html شركة نقل عفش من خميس مشيط الي جدة
https://emc-mee.com/transfer-furniture-from-khamis-mushait-to-medina.html شركة نقل عفش من خميس مشيط الي المدينة المنورة
https://emc-mee.com/best-10-company-transfer-furniture-khamis-mushait.html افضل 10 شركات نقل عفش بخميس مشيط
https://emc-mee.com/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%87.html
https://emc-mee.com/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%87.html
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-mecca
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/home
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-jedaah-elhamdniah
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-yanbu
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-najran
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-Jizan
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/jazan
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/taif
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/moversjeddah
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-abha
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-elahsa
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-elkhobar
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-elkharj
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-elmadina-elmnowara
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-eljubail
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-elqassim
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-hafrelbatin
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-elbaha
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-jeddah
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-dammam
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-taif
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-burydah
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-tabuk
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-hail
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-khamis-mushait
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/movers-rabigh
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/madina
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/mecca
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/dammam
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/jeddah
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/ahsa
https://sites.google.com/view/movers-riyadh/cleaning-mecca
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام وكذلك شركة كشف تسربات المياه بالدمام وتنظيف خزانات وتنظيف الموكيت والسجاد والكنب والشقق والمنازل بالدمام وتنظيف الخزانات بالدمام وتنظيف المساجد بالدمام شركة تنظيف بالدمام تنظيف المسابح بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/anti-insects-company-dammam.html شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/water-leaks-detection-company-dammam.html شركة كشف تسربات بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-company-surfaces.html شركة عزل اسطح بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-company-sewage.html شركة تسليك مجاري بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-cleaning-company-sofa.html شركة تنظيف كنب بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-cleaning-company-mosques.html شركة تنظيف مساجد بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-cleaning-company-Carpet.html شركة تنظيف سجاد بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-cleaning-company-tanks.html شركة تنظيف خزانات بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-cleaning-company-swimming-bath.html شركة تنظيف وصيانة مسابح بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-cleaning-company-Furniture.html شركة تنظيف الاثاث بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-cleaning-company-home.html شركة تنظيف شقق بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-cleaning-company-Carpets.html شركة تنظيف موكيت بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-cleaning-company.html شركة تنظيف مجالس بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-cleaning-company-house.html شركة تنظيف منازل بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-cleaning-company-curtains.html شركة تنظيف ستائر بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-cleaning-company-Villas.html شركة تنظيف فلل بالدمام
https://jumperads.com/dammam/dammam-company-tile.html شركة جلي بلاط بالدمام
Leave a comment