sustainability · 4754 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://rentry.co/8donkcw2
    https://www.are.na/block/36765143
    https://www.are.na/block/36765130
    https://ideone.com/22kiXV
    https://www.are.na/block/36765307
    https://paste.kodi.tv/uleloduxeh.kodi
    https://www.are.na/block/36765173
    https://www.are.na/block/36765116
    https://telegra.ph/dhdkju-05-17
    https://www.are.na/block/36765404
    https://www.are.na/block/36765337
    https://www.are.na/block/36765351
    https://paste.cutelyst.org/t-D8yc8pT

  • GRSAAA

    http://nopaste.ceske-hry.cz/1545074
    http://nopaste.ceske-hry.cz/1545075
    https://paiza.io/projects/9zVA1oGGMFUd7WKmwSB_oA
    https://paiza.io/projects/N8EgiPPjv3nOjEi-oYn3-w
    https://binshare.net/jxiuiqYzZk5Ix4kdbDuR
    https://binshare.net/MOenNEpbQCtXuGymvQzB
    https://ctxt.io/2/AAB4Kzg7FQ
    https://etextpad.com/obf9qodzvw
    https://tempel.in/view/oTfsUWr
    https://www.pastery.net/ypzxed/
    https://freepaste.link/2itvpigd81
    https://rentry.co/s8gzsfxy
    https://pastelink.net/33m3x6vg
    https://pastecode.io/
    https://pastecode.dev/s/zvgrfx9q
    https://pastecode.dev/s/p2alg140
    https://pastecode.dev/s/l7c8qdvy
    https://pastecode.dev/s/7jifnw9r
    https://pastebin.com/hMrtHygA
    https://paste2.org/3w7I9vLC
    https://paste.toolforge.org/view/edb84d7d
    https://paste.thezomg.com/336060/74747565/
    https://paste.ofcode.org/iiww9cpM3s5P7WQzvESswX
    https://paste.myst.rs/j3v6q2bs
    https://paste.laravel.io/09fac05d-0ae3-4246-9d28-c87b791b1cd8
    https://paste.laravel.io/bbd2262a-5f88-4f95-90e3-74a884047e4c
    https://paste.laravel.io/c096af63-7525-4d09-b501-51e869e9aeef
    https://paste.laravel.io/8c6b1287-04d7-43d5-b616-c6d0062fff54
    https://paste.laravel.io/263c8bac-d5fd-409d-a1a7-e421f3ed68ce
    https://paste.kodi.tv/alifiresus
    https://paste.imirhil.fr/?fba78bfea019ca99#BFYOPOZegRxZaJI/3wXZa4CXO+Jpyb/bTXb8O1jvx70=
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/5ab71198
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/VXsqphoBrcb
    https://paiza.io/projects/ghX6XXZNyiqyAa2269Pjg
    https://paste.centos.org/view/f25bb286
    https://paste.cutelyst.org/9k9Rw0    nS
    https://glot.io/snippets/h7ffemh52c
    https://notes.io/hxFE
    https://justpaste.it/gqzgd
    https://ideone.com/D8NVft
    https://ideone.com/2kg10r
    https://ideone.com/tamIE2
    https://ideone.com/MRd5nD
    https://telegra.ph/sdksld-05-17
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    https://telegra.ph/weioioewew-05-17
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    https://telegra.ph/vbdsghty-05-17
    https://telegra.ph/dsjhjdus-05-17

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