sustainability · 4729 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://github.com/tellokalelah/gonggong/discussions/10
    https://github.com/tellokalelah/gonggong/discussions/11
    https://github.com/tellokalelah/gonggong/discussions/12
    https://github.com/tellokalelah/gonggong/discussions/13
    https://github.com/tellokalelah/gonggong/discussions/14
    https://github.com/tellokalelah/gonggong/discussions/15
    https://github.com/tellokalelah/gonggong/discussions/16
    https://github.com/tellokalelah/gonggong/discussions/17
    https://github.com/tellokalelah/gonggong/discussions/18
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls594445074
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    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls594445549
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    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594445074
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    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594445549
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594445736
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594445320
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    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594445965
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594445880
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594447515
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594447756
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594447782
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594447114
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594447352
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594447398
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594447627
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594447270
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594447415
    https://m.imdb.com/list/ls594447428

  • UTARRAA

    https://onlinegdb.com/f8w-neDBCQ
    https://notes.io/q6LNX
    https://glot.io/snippets/h86sc442bp
    http://nopaste.ceske-hry.cz/1546639
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    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/NN-q7-2G4zc
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    https://paste.centos.org/view/1332fd38
    https://paiza.io/projects/v2cKjewhZJnTDejp4WLQYw
    https://paste.ofcode.org/332NVAA4GRD3iYYPrhNp8s4
    https://paste.myst.rs/zncn3mne
    https://paste.thezomg.com/346291/96199551/
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    https://etextpad.com/lshf4hqg5v
    https://ctxt.io/2/AAB4MzxaFg
    https://binshare.net/7ruEtSI2zbHtr72ZRot7
    https://paiza.io/projects/-5ijvKAuu5EsuDWLd_08zg
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/8bee347c
    https://paste.kodi.tv/lahupefafa
    https://telegra.ph/IOIOSD-06-11
    https://telegra.ph/KKASL-06-11
    https://telegra.ph/OAPS-06-11
    https://telegra.ph/IOEW-06-11
    https://telegra.ph/TYTYAS-06-11
    https://telegra.ph/ZCSD-06-11
    https://telegra.ph/SDE-06-11
    https://telegra.ph/YWEU-06-11
    https://telegra.ph/WQE-06-11-12
    https://rentry.co/ycxdfam2
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    https://pastebin.com/P3YGxFHA
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    https://ideone.com/Y0pUZ3
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    https://justpaste.it/jbx28
    https://paste.laravel.io/6a593350-6e57-416a-ab1d-a0943f9dfed0
    https://paste.laravel.io/54c5ece2-c945-47dd-9e0c-cf13fc8490c2
    https://paste.laravel.io/a7f2c8a3-68e6-4dd4-b73d-a6262993318f
    https://paste.laravel.io/885fa008-4df3-432a-83e5-072828bb03b2
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    https://paste.laravel.io/a8e0d93b-e526-4c48-8ac2-9a126adf44ed

  • UJAHAYA

    20797170-story-of-my-life
    221490963-releasing-10-standard-edition
    217171544-shield-of-sparrows
    220817728-atmosphere
    4861527724
    209166121-dream-count
    201017011-lights-out
    216879705-never-thought-i-d-end-up-here
    217108838-two-can-play
    0738760846
    55817473-perempuan-yang-menangis-kepada-bulan-hitam
    221274930-beautiful-venom
    229717312-releasing-10
    212276037-the-devils
    216156650-rewind-it-back
    214331246-sunrise-on-the-reaping
    212276037-the-devils
    221633230-never-flinch
    220287670-kiss-the-villain
    667d7a76757ebae1020706aac2316f40
    667d7a76757ebae1020706aac2316f40
    4861527724
    61108424-vivir-de-las-fibras—-el-nuevo-modelo-de-inversi-n-en-bienes-ra-ces
    209807879-play-along
    201017011-lights-out
    210825471-king-of-envy
    217562358-caught-up
    217245572-silver-elite
    a2463c608ad4655b9c249851b3565198
    210825471-king-of-envy
    216879705-never-thought-i-d-end-up-here
    173754979-james

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