sustainability · 3662 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://www.pastery.net/hskwfj/
    https://bitbin.it/HSM9QutK/
    https://jsbin.com/wuzedamoqa/edit?html,output
    https://pastebin.com/1zncsQfs
    https://www.bankier.pl/forum/wiadomosc-zapisana?post_id=63703441&obs=&emal=&st=1&thread_id=
    https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/j96RQR
    http://healingxchange.ning.com/photo/albums/sdfsdf-1
    https://rentry.co/22psy
    https://cassa.onesmablog.com/cdfsdsdc-63386459
    https://sfsdfs.acidblog.net/54458052/cdsdsv
    https://cadss.full-design.com/sdvfdvfdv-66235886
    https://sad.tinyblogging.com/dssvfd-66864758
    https://sacsdcsd.ampblogs.com/sdvdvf-60009125
    https://dsfsdfsd.ampedpages.com/sdvsdv-50977653
    https://feferg.thezenweb.com/dsvsf-60865496
    https://scascdsc.pages10.com/sdfdffdgfd-59127998
    https://dvsfvd.pointblog.net/fvdbgb-64223060
    https://cdcsd.bloguetechno.com/csdvsdv-58878796

  • NGENTOT PAPATONG

    https://github.com/hasbyalya04/hasbyalya04/blob/main/wolongfallendynasty.md
    https://github.com/hasbyalya04/hasbyalya04/blob/main/hasvestmoonthewindsofanthos.md
    https://github.com/hasbyalya04/hasbyalya04/blob/main/fatesamurairemnant.md
    https://pastelink.net/xgq92oa6
    https://pastelink.net/spk4b77g
    https://pastelink.net/a52n5qdu
    https://www.pixiv.net/en/artworks/113763393
    https://www.pixiv.net/en/artworks/113763538
    https://pastelink.net/33cnudgs
    https://mira-amazing.sellfy.store/p/wallpaper-uzumaki-boruto-free-download/?gl=1*ab4jih*_ga*MjA1MDY0MzQ2Ny4xNzAxMDk3NzY5*_ga_2CKX0FMHTP*MTcwMTEwNjc1MC4yLjEuMTcwMTEwNjg1MC42MC4wLjA.
    https://mira-amazing.sellfy.store/p/wallpaper-4k-hidan-free-download/?gl=1*bxzeks*_ga*MjA1MDY0MzQ2Ny4xNzAxMDk3NzY5*_ga2CKX0FMHTP*MTcwMTEwNjc1MC4yLjEuMTcwMTEwODYwNS4zLjAuMA..
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.text.tex/c/OG2TeuR85uQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.text.tex/c/K5vERi-1IGY
    https://groups.google.com/u/1/g/comp.text.tex/c/vAMCd1tPilE
    https://groups.google.com/u/1/g/comp.text.tex/c/DLlitokmwho
    https://groups.google.com/u/1/g/comp.text.tex/c/RUX-XZyRakk
    https://groups.google.com/u/1/g/comp.text.tex/c/iIVRlbBnts4
    https://groups.google.com/u/1/g/comp.text.tex/c/LCZJtMesLRk
    https://groups.google.com/u/1/g/comp.text.tex/c/fBpVElQjwpI
    https://groups.google.com/u/1/g/comp.text.tex/c/x4llBCD9HqY
    https://groups.google.com/u/1/g/comp.text.tex/c/4nr3bY5M2WY
    https://groups.google.com/u/1/g/comp.text.tex/c/M2BNwzbbsow
    https://groups.google.com/u/2/g/comp.text.tex/c/9ByfcnNqBnw
    https://groups.google.com/u/2/g/comp.text.tex/c/4-RH0BIPrx0
    https://groups.google.com/u/2/g/comp.text.tex/c/n0OQ3qRcocs
    https://groups.google.com/u/2/g/comp.text.tex/c/MxL1vQW5hCg
    https://groups.google.com/u/2/g/comp.text.tex/c/qwHtueITLHQ
    https://groups.google.com/u/2/g/comp.text.tex/c/B8fq-N4b6TA
    https://groups.google.com/u/2/g/comp.text.tex/c/nXeX18L    nek
    https://groups.google.com/u/2/g/comp.text.tex/c/68mnyctx7us
    https://oceanfreegamez.blogspot.com/2023/11/executive-assault-2-v1001a.html
    https://oceanfreegamez.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-grinch-christmas-adventures.html
    https://oceanfreegamez.blogspot.com/2023/11/monster-energy-supercross-official.html
    https://oceanfreegamez.blogspot.com/2023/11/unity-of-command-ii-update-23-8-dlcs-2.html
    https://michaelangelobatiofeed.blogspot.com/2023/11/birutoto.html
    https://pastelink.net/xxpqsegd

  • egesh

    https://soundcloud.com/arer-ahmad/1212-the-day-hd2023
    https://soundcloud.com/arer-ahmad/1212-the-day-2023-1080p
    https://soundcloud.com/fs322444/2023-kr1080p
    https://soundcloud.com/fs322444/1212-the-day-korean-hd
    https://soundcloud.com/milki-nasdi/2023-hd1080
    https://soundcloud.com/milki-nasdi/20234k1080pfull-hd
    https://soundcloud.com/gerasguuyy/2023-1080p
    https://soundcloud.com/gerasguuyy/across-the-furious-sea
    https://soundcloud.com/dodasobip30/napoleon-2023-1080p
    https://soundcloud.com/dodasobip30/2023-korean-hd-bd
    https://jovian.com/ahmadarer741
    https://jovian.com/12-12-the-day-hd-ko-1080p
    https://jovian.com/film-across-the-furious-sea-hd-fullversion-tw
    https://jovian.com/across-the-furious-sea-hd-2023-tw-hk
    https://jovian.com/napoleon-hd-2023
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.text.tex/c/5b6uCl1bvRI
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.protocols.time.ntp/c/F98m33MjRD8
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.text.tex/c/d89YybCSmDs
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.protocols.time.ntp/c/RVhs0uK9O1I
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.text.tex/c/AH6KBcw3uK0
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.protocols.time.ntp/c/NdJ1Wr7DFZc
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.text.tex/c/FHEC2I1Kyik
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.protocols.time.ntp/c/wr8NiPtLqOY
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.text.tex/c/Bfewf-AkvHA
    https://es.surveymonkey.com/r/CYM5ZW7
    https://es.surveymonkey.com/r/B6NVDTY
    https://es.surveymonkey.com/r/HVNXNQ3

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