sustainability · 3660 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-goldfinger-20231080p/c/I6T6VMtvLv8
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-the-goldfinger—2023-hd/c/68bdcJkCRyA
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-goldfinger-2023/c/9VnO0UFpaWs
    https://groups.google.com/g/—the-goldfingerzh-/c/IJ4NzLniYGE
    https://groups.google.com/g/-2023-hd-the-goldfinger/c/JFxDm8CF80k
    https://groups.google.com/g/2023—the-goldfinger——taiwan/c/LPf3R6JdB1g
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-goldfinger—2023/c/-6KiigLAAac
    https://groups.google.com/g/the-gold-finger-hd/c/YUtXcpQITMQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/——2023-the-gold-finger/c/lIo3mIGg6VM
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-shop-of-the-lamp-20231080p/c/ha2oE3vz3P4
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-the-shop-of-the-lamp—2023-hd/c/CyH3YklQHtw
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-shop-of-the-lamp—2023/c/Jy3jssysD9w
    https://groups.google.com/g/2023—the-shop-of-the-lamp——taiwan/c/JQKVAo8WdrA
    https://groups.google.com/g/—the-shop-of-the-lamp—hd-2023/c/CyQJ-pfGHiM
    https://groups.google.com/g/—the-shop-of-the-lampzh-/c/LCntFuk3KSw

  • segse

    https://vk.com/715280709-20231080p https://vk.com/fullversionhd-2023hd-twhk
    https://vk.com/chyoumai-2023-hd https://vk.com/blurayhd1080p-endless-journey-hd-2023
    https://vk.com/movp95boxoffice-2023 https://medium.com/aryanfardian841/%E7%9E%92%E5%A4%A9%E8%BF%87%E6%B5%B7-%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC-%E8%A7%80%E7%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E5%9C%A8%E7%B7%9A-hd-2023-%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88-1080p-266b8081024e
    https://medium.com/the-invisible-guest-2023/%E7%9E%92%E5%A4%A9%E8%BF%87%E6%B5%B7-the-invisible-guest-2023-%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88-1080p-%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%85%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1-cbfd1b2a6f20 https://medium.com/aryasaepul7543/%E7%9E%92%E5%A4%A9%E8%BF%87%E6%B5%B7%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88-%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E7%9C%8B%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88-2023-%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E8%A7%82%E7%9C%8B-1080p-33d6b0955750
    https://medium.com/yogasandi530/%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%9F-endless-journey-2023-%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88-1080p-%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%85%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1-a768e1156822 https://medium.com/abdulfahri178/%E7%9C%8B-1080-%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%9F-%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88-%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E8%A7%82%E7%9C%8B-2023-%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%85-0750f39cf42f
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/R3sk6_umt7I
    https://groups.google.com/g/the-invisible-guest-2023/c/hyF8VYFPAeM
    https://groups.google.com/g/hd1804kthe-invisible-guest/c/CPKF0YkDh60
    https://groups.google.com/g/2023—hdbd1080p_hd/c/ksCdaKZtHKo
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/cubUZBeKJZk
    https://baskadia.com/post/1o2m5
    https://baskadia.com/post/1o2x2
    https://baskadia.com/post/1on1i
    https://baskadia.com/post/1onv8
    https://baskadia.com/post/1ooh3
    https://github.com/apps/theinvisibleguestfullversion2023hd
    https://github.com/apps/theinvisibleguest2023fullversion
    https://github.com/apps/2023-endless-journey-taiwan
    https://github.com/apps/endlessjourney2023fullversion
    https://gamma.app/public/HD-1080P-2023-kfi7qpmcd8337xp

  • FDGDF

    https://groups.google.com/g/-no-more-bets-2023/c/Il9zbt-YG-M
    https://groups.google.com/g/-no-more-bets-2023/c/QtKqUpF_rhY
    https://groups.google.com/g/-no-more-bets-2023/c/B1NxWrx23Ps
    https://groups.google.com/g/-no-more-bets—hd/c/Mntr0ubZZj8
    https://groups.google.com/g/-no-more-bets-2023hd/c/i2P2zJNXBZs
    https://groups.google.com/g/—no-more-betszh-/c/FY-3LlFSiXE
    https://groups.google.com/g/-2023-hd-no-more-bets/c/m8LiV1to7Vg
    https://groups.google.com/g/—no-more-bets—hd-2023/c/-8-KpeR1N4Q
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior-20231080p/c/N6omSIAVcIE
    https://groups.google.com/g/—moonlight-warrior—2023-hd/c/2W9xsvWjgoA
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior—hd/c/UORUwFQPbvk
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior-2023/c/V1sJvbNppCg
    https://groups.google.com/g/—moonlight-warriorzh-/c/5mSEFCwrsm4
    https://groups.google.com/g/-2023-hd-moonlight-warrior/c/2CJee4JgBik
    https://groups.google.com/g/—moonlight-warrior-/c/MthYFYmMZTk
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey-20231080p/c/m4wNdqebGcU
    https://groups.google.com/g/5-2023-/c/7gx57weBY4M
    https://groups.google.com/g/—endless-journey—2023-hd/c/hevIE03M4_I
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey—hd/c/x7caOFaFiZE
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey-2023/c/KO91REe3jMs
    https://groups.google.com/g/—endless-journeyzh-/c/yULyTSEtAcg
    https://groups.google.com/g/-2023-hd-endless-journey/c/oTilCDNQ59E
    https://groups.google.com/g/—endless-journey—hd-2023/c/KTfz4Bjkhxc
    https://groups.google.com/g/atatrk-1881—-1919-1-film2023/c/DZ28xPXH14s
    https://groups.google.com/g/tm-film-atatrk-1881—-1919-1-film-izle—-2023—trke-dublaj/c/wfoRU7Ryk10
    https://groups.google.com/g/atatrk-1881—-1919-1-film—-trke-dublaj-tek-parca-4k-1080p-/c/uHOHnZqFR_o
    https://groups.google.com/g/atatrk-1881—-1919-1-film-full-zle-2023-tek-para-1080p-trke/c/bEASK8BGtM8
    https://groups.google.com/g/tm-film-atatrk-1881—-1919-1-/c/aMySSVIexT8
    https://groups.google.com/g/atatrk-1881—-1919-1-film-filmi-full-zle-2023-trke—080p/c/HUVdq8uPr6w
    https://groups.google.com/g/—bursting-point-20231080p/c/bY_V-dbKCsY
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-bursting-point—2023-hd/c/1GqejdeZYtg
    https://groups.google.com/g/—bursting-point—-hd/c/9vFGiBmYIaA
    https://groups.google.com/g/—bursting-point-2023/c/bJxhJBTod5w
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-bursting-pointzh-/c/xx1XWVGvKiw
    https://groups.google.com/g/—2023-hd-bursting-point/c/lDf6_XnR8cA
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-bursting-point—hd-2023/c/3UW6FEmsA2U
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/5aplMLSQUCs
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/nWkGog6rLh0
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/GD8vkzxHX3U
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/dhdHyDjbpL4
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.protocols.time.ntp/c/FpKz1QV8Gmg
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.protocols.time.ntp/c/vixSzCX51SM
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.protocols.time.ntp/c/ivFMAiFHSAc
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/di1LdouB0W4
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/kTn5zTSRYxM
    https://groups.google.com/g/-love-life-light—hd/c/Dbj_qioRIPs
    https://groups.google.com/g/-love-life-light-2023/c/CL94fl-nn9o
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/L-C0SXM-5u0
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/ofII496yK2Q
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/tG-UjKTX8Hk
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/Z5Z0aFqNmLY
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/TZ1LCeGfZQ8
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/dQH5s-Mpg44
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/Yk3gU56efnU
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/Nb-yvyxKsfw
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/V-fi6vzOHv8
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/RBVh9ivY5i8
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/Z5Z0aFqNmLY
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/sc6FoZ6H-Q8
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/ez_EVupFPuI
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/mb0eQvOh7tU
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/Yxuf-Wy7XRc
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/jQdpuU1qq8I
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/XJgs1Z__m28
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/2FsRdAfGV04
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/iOgdTUdIdF8
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/4CEVt-nZzdY
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/hqkBzs0URKE
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/maxH5TQYUXc
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/LofKVN-hJa0
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/F0haZXO_7Rs
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/Xq6yb_kZRxQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/sJXQLdX1ZfA
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/5cs04hg8cjY
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/sJXQLdX1ZfA
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/5cs04hg8cjY
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/Xq6yb_kZRxQ
    https://notes.io/wrPN9

  • segesghserh

    http://www.imdb.com/list/ls526996254/
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.linux.misc/c/OAKi4XlJ5uc
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.linux.misc/c/xq5XoL0ObSA
    https://github.com/apps/oursecretdiary-2023-hd-ko1080
    https://baskadia.com/post/1jzmu
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD—qrbjuw625ffsspi
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/6d9516ca-f07a-44b2-9b07-159b7b5f4a9b
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/Pla5BQPzKsE
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/fpg3UA6fb0I
    https://github.com/apps/oursecretdiary2023hdkorea
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/DCeB9YAk-Pw
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/6UfOLhLzJjk
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/ChekgA7vi2c
    https://baskadia.com/post/1ks6p
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-The-Boy-and-the-Heron-1080P-1waxbm8xdqi6dud
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-1080-p-01HHF5DY12DP5TZNMA23WTW89T
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/56030dfe-257d-4ad9-89e9-b2c064017a76
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.linux.misc/c/Y7MEJSZJylE
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/LkOjyljYfyo
    https://github.com/apps/theboyandtheheron4khdtaiwan
    https://baskadia.com/post/1kt1g
    https://forum.webnovel.com/d/145864-42-hd-thai-sub
    https://forum.webnovel.com/d/145866-4-kings-ii-4-2-2023
    https://fueler.io/4kings4hd2023/42-4king-22023-hd-thai
    https://fueler.io/4kings4hd2023/contribution/4kings-2-4king-2-2023-full-hd
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.linux.misc/c/8ilJhWtoWOI
    https://fueler.io/4kings4hd2023/42-4king-22023-hd-thai
    https://fueler.io/4kings2thai4k/contribution/42-hd-thai-sub

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