sustainability · 3658 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

3659 comments

Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!

  • painkoenjy

    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/0c478a06-097b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/184b6c1d-097b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/1a4b6c1d-097b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/1c4b6c1d-097b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/57b4392b-097b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/93dad940-097b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/95dad940-097b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/dbff48bb-097b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://www.narumugainovels.com/threads/18870/
    https://www.narumugainovels.com/threads/18868/
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/078278a4-0a7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/a71f71b2-0a7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/fe4611c8-0a7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/1cdff032-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/93d7833c-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/77f2614a-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/662cc859-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/897d1d68-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/b4d77773-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/c2a4447f-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/f0d4bb9d-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/cd2c2ba5-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/629266b8-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/dcb1a1ce-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/b5b058e6-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/54600af3-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/ccda60fd-0b7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/0fc1de1a-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/0ee8cf28-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/274adb34-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/ac0d7a41-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/87f1dd4c-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/ffe69b66-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/1afd876f-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/f183707c-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/e21b6589-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/9ecc7094-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/d4b70f9e-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/6c72fba7-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/82a2fdba-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/be6b56d0-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/de0c7bf5-0c7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/daf86a2a-0d7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/faa8373c-0d7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://meritforcustomers.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/9b3e6e47-0d7b-ef11-a4e5-6045bd86194f
    https://www.narumugainovels.com/threads/18871/
    https://network.propertyweek.com/members/status/show?id=28920584%3AStatus%3A432617
    https://community.goldencorral.com/members/status/show?id=28920604%3AStatus%3A12469886
    https://cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/members/status/show?id=28920644%3AStatus%3A3238889
    https://wokwi.com/projects/409985615968992257
    https://smartsnack.cl/en/blogs/news/beneficios-de-dejar-el-azucar-y-tips-para-lograrlo?comment=137142763698#comments
    https://convertopm.hashnode.dev/watch-a-free-lesson-about-sketchyland-epnot
    https://pastelink.net/r5mke1xi
    https://rentry.co/qt65iadu
    https://www.lomarfarms.com/blogs/news/people?comment=136541110577#comments
    https://paste.myst.rs/bjeeb89s
    https://paste.ee/p/rosBE
    https://glot.io/snippets/h09cspkc9p
    https://hackmd.io/@happinessinlife/r1wTDr-RR
    https://www.pastery.net/ccxvxf/
    https://paiza.io/projects/Dp8gpAkCN5LM5i7bgNb8gA?language=php
    https://telegra.ph/Watch-a-free-lesson-about-SketchyLand-EPNOT-09-25
    https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/convertopm/diary/202409250000/
    https://paste.enginehub.org/DaUrYslsi
    https://paste.laravel.io/27990f62-981f-4397-b4b9-f5e2314f59b3
    https://ivpaste.com/v/MpStzscVtm
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/3dd54e8d
    https://paste.rs/1BPmQ.txt
    https://paste.vpsfree.cz/qmPM6R9x
    https://tiny-paste.com/139610/
    https://paste2.org/WcUHgYvC
    https://sebsauvage.net/paste/?1b0bf08dce9cd597#2uhSoZe/pgC3J3CTa3l1ajM3xf4zJ19EGw/ar9Z7C1g=
    https://ideone.com/gMcOdU
    https://muckrack.com/painko-enjy/bio
    http://aldenfamilydentistry.com/UserProfile/tabid/57/userId/912833/Default.aspx
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/150472-watch-a-free-lesson-about-sketchyland-epnot

  • sdfs

    https://gamma.app/public/Hi-Brother-1080P-HDTW-khh81bf1cbds6h8
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD-clae6cik48uh8bk
    https://gamma.app/public/Hi-Brother-2023-flu53xejmdbfxbh
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-Hi-Brother—wirfldaiy2z9lxo
    https://gamma.app/public/Hi-Brother-TW-HD1080p-4k-rujsutwc5q3hvmt
    https://gamma.app/public/The-People-1080P-HDTW-b85amwic2im0j0j
    https://gamma.app/public/The-People-TW-HD1080p-4k-2ask59vwbixg7tf
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD-ej12vlaqmhojuvt
    https://gamma.app/public/The-People-2023-9seqmqams5swte1
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-The-People—bt0u60bovpnvx26
    https://gamma.app/public/Viva-La-Vida-1080P-HDTW-p1qikaw5sire1e8
    https://gamma.app/public/Viva-La-Vida-TW-HD1080p-4k-2024-2ylhkxyx0q16yy1
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-v7t5w590jkegg1o
    https://gamma.app/public/Viva-La-Vida-2024-1oxv77jdmsadgtu
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Viva-La-Vida—uvwkr6ri7th2565
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-1080P-HDTW-uhgzq0u6iq7gwic
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-TW-HD1080p-4k-2023-3a9afu2tj0b1xs6
    https://gamma.app/public/3-2023-HD-0c24qgjpypftzu7
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-2023-mddu0zh8sc1x31j
    https://gamma.app/public/3-2023-If-You-Are-the-One-III—fjplv5zasx8bdky
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-1080P-HDTW-2024-nvary41ar2a6xbv
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-TW-HD1080p-4k-2024-fhfz7av6g2gj8ke
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-pfkyh2cnbxatgwf
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-2024-xg9n7n9sufnduou
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-The-Movie-Emperor—jln12mpmoqnp6jk
    https://gamma.app/public/2-Pegasus-2-1080P-HDTW-2024-vg9ybiu70cgti2t
    https://gamma.app/public/2-Pegasus-2-TW-HD1080p-4k-2024-c5ayr56c516adre
    https://gamma.app/public/2-2024-HD-2k0glwgqi0sgghr
    https://gamma.app/public/2-Pegasus-2-2024-8dtpmhfqxg067ha
    https://gamma.app/public/2-2024-Pegasus-2—ckiat68z9i2g516
    https://gamma.app/public/Whats-in-the-zoo-1080P-HDTW-2024-hnbaomfbnmax1uk
    https://gamma.app/public/Whats-in-the-zoo-TW-HD1080p-4k-2024-rt3ltvq66w83070
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-d81rntcnwaqy39z
    https://gamma.app/public/Whats-in-the-zoo-2024-2byxknmuin84fda
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Whats-in-the-zoo—i0wcvgiylsucuzt
    https://www.taskade.com/p/3-if-you-are-the-one-iii-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2023-01HKSVF3QT9G4HJQSG9JK1NNX4
    https://www.taskade.com/p/3-if-you-are-the-one-iii-1080-p-hd-tw-2023-01HKSVGA3Z4VAVEN83N8KWGXJ8
    https://www.taskade.com/p/3-2023-hd-01HKSVEGT1YTD5XZ3YVA9FC53K
    https://www.taskade.com/p/3-if-you-are-the-one-iii-2023-01HKSVHPSW3593Q4DYW933GJRA
    https://www.taskade.com/p/3-2023-if-you-are-the-one-iii-01HKSVJP24X3DERRC1NTQZ76DG
    https://www.taskade.com/p/hi-brother-1080-p-hd-tw-2023-01HKSVSC2EPEJ5S3DN28JWZKVP
    https://www.taskade.com/p/hi-brother-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2023-01HKSVTC2T628NJYF7TJ9CAWRH
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-hd-01HKSVV97T8KEHY9A38THR604J
    https://www.taskade.com/p/hi-brother-2023-01HKSVW6NJMEDK3MZF1A9S7TQE
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-hi-brother-01HKSVX79VCWJQN6RKWA56FRYP
    https://www.taskade.com/p/the-people-1080-p-hd-tw-2023-01HKSW2ZAKFXTDCJQK1BS373K3
    https://www.taskade.com/p/the-people-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2023-01HKSW3TY2H843AJNTQ6M270AE
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-hd-01HKSW4P64JJ18MJSBCAB1TQX8
    https://www.taskade.com/p/the-people-2023-01HKSW5KTVMZQQJ2S4RGN20RQR
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-the-people-01HKSW6EMCKF4BSEPGP72BKJD6
    https://www.taskade.com/p/viva-la-vida-1080-p-hd-tw-2024-01HKSWBW9XE4NWDY8ZQGEZX9D9
    https://www.taskade.com/p/viva-la-vida-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2024-01HKSWD92SZJ8GGSQKWVRV1CMW
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2024-hd-01HKSWE4Y1XJ86EF49XX43TJD5
    https://www.taskade.com/p/viva-la-vida-2024-01HKSWFSB4XNSNMHB3NTXWQJNR
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2024-viva-la-vida-01HKSWGKW3AT4YMNBJFDR2163R
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2-pegasus-2-1080-p-hd-tw-2024-01HKSWQAVSKWYK0YNN9137R7ZG
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2-pegasus-2-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2024-01HKSWR5TXNX7WDHQ037HAGNHC
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2-2024-hd-01HKSWRYNWR199B0CN5EHVCN4W
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2-pegasus-2-2024-01HKSWSQ6N4ZG1MDM2NSSFG87H
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2-2024-pegasus-2-01HKSWTNTDA5JARVCR3SGF2RPE
    https://www.taskade.com/p/whats-in-the-zoo-1080-p-hd-tw-2024-01HKSX2GXDK6K2XBCBJKNTXE0Z
    https://www.taskade.com/p/whats-in-the-zoo-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2024-01HKSX3DXY7R1BV441K6JAAASK
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2024-hd-01HKSX44TYTW3E0084GHZZAQBC
    https://www.taskade.com/p/whats-in-the-zoo-2024-01HKSX4X3H19DXMYMEZZZ3QP9V
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2024-whats-in-the-zoo-01HKSX5RCCCHZHCPWVZVEE8ARV
    https://www.taskade.com/p/the-movie-emperor-1080-p-hd-tw-2024-01HKSXAJC7R8Z3M0N0JX8HREN6
    https://www.taskade.com/p/the-movie-emperor-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2024-01HKSXBDKJK80SS2AA9RM2CG7X
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2024-hd-01HKSXC9Z8RRC6RCA833K8358H
    https://www.taskade.com/p/the-movie-emperor-2024-01HKSXD793R07Q8M0M3PPPVNAZ
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2024-the-movie-emperor-01HKSXE4C43J7Z9HH1PRCS6AZS

  • ASDSA

    https://gamma.app/public/No-More-Bets-1080P-HDTW-yzq9osi3e2krpzl
    https://gamma.app/public/HD-SUB-Taiwan-zp63ceat9s6534q
    https://gamma.app/public/No-More-Bets-2023-ce3oy7bv6m1lcf8
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-No-More-Bets—z3ur12381uud9kq
    https://gamma.app/public/No-More-Bets-TW-HD1080p-4k-r2sr8qnddcg7tm9
    https://gamma.app/public/No-More-Bets-TWHD1080p-aijwi0zucd9dkgj
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-1080P-HDTW-h6om0bubw2u4oq4
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-The-Movie-Emperor—5gbvfg2mmhkhjuf
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-TW-HD1080p-4k-pvzlhtvrkp56izt
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-edat9b50q0fkq1p
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-2024-twnfy4oodoewn99
    https://gamma.app/public/shining-for-one-thing-1080P-HDTW-g85w76mhpnbgved
    https://gamma.app/public/shining-for-one-thing-TW-HD1080p-4k-am2b0p6no0xy8wh
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-1o2m2uc3wrdbm25
    https://gamma.app/public/shining-for-one-thing-2023-jas91wdzurxjaq4
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-shining-for-one-thing—4xyp4ifig4y7uxi
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-1080P-HDTW-iv1jt5mw9jmx0v0
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-TW-HD1080p-4k-nyt0bjxqio9xj2j
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-o2o338v0xe1x2ic
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-The-Beekeeper—u3b46vbljwpdt51
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-2024-wy4jmjzxsni2tr9
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-1080P-HDTW-k8xocn3lr7h9hpx
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-TW-HD1080p-4k-bo8z31gea8qmbjj
    https://gamma.app/public/3-2024-HD-fezdi7okvo97czv
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-2023-54cj2zfc28imujh
    https://gamma.app/public/3-2023-If-You-Are-the-One-III—2hmlys2om1q60mq
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-1080P-HDTW-dzezk259d2734f7
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-TW-HD1080p-4k-dbpirxfgnp6645f
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-ci3p9g0152bpr16
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-2023-1jk95qevzr1p0eb
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Night-Falls—5dk2cv5xgqppchw

  • sdfs

    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-beekeeper—1080p-hdtw/c/FpnAyO6u0p0
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-beekeeper—tw-hd1080p-4k/c/Cv0e8dgGn8c
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-beekeeper-2023/c/47mSmzTfJg0
    https://groups.google.com/g/——2023—the-beekeeper-/c/Yz5EcDgct5A
    https://groups.google.com/g/-night-falls—1080p-hdtw/c/88g3B1ZxNC0
    https://groups.google.com/g/-night-falls—tw-hd1080p-4k/c/9D83vIHhico
    https://groups.google.com/g/-night-falls-2023/c/q7eeWlwhu5s
    https://groups.google.com/g/—rob—roll—1080p-hd/c/N3-rJJQOoxw
    https://groups.google.com/g/—rob—roll—tw-hd1080p-4k/c/TnVdwBOFE-c
    https://groups.google.com/g/—rob—roll-2023hd/c/GM-tfT1qUL8
    https://groups.google.com/g/——-2023—rob—roll-/c/wAAkeXL13gs
    https://groups.google.com/g/—han-dan—1080p-hd/c/vLezOBmBJ5k
    https://groups.google.com/g/—han-dan—tw-hd1080p-/c/ng7VJ_5-dVI
    https://groups.google.com/g/—han-dan-2023hd/c/l-XqLDkkIrA
    https://groups.google.com/g/——-2023—han-dan-/c/kTwvRUEXOgY
    https://groups.google.com/g/-xem-phim-mt-v-ong-2024-full-hd-vietsub/c/cBADY1vyS6E
    https://groups.google.com/g/vitsub-full-hd-xem-phim-mt-v-ong—2024/c/X2sck0fUNXw
    https://groups.google.com/g/xem-phim-mt-v-ong-2024-4k-full—vietsub/c/N6DqW6s8gHc
    https://groups.google.com/g/xem-phim-mt-v-ong-2024-vitsub-full-trc-tuyn-min-ph-hd-1080p/c/Xy4L99kLEa0
    https://groups.google.com/g/voir-un-coup-de-ds-streaming-vostfr-fr-complet/c/5JZQLDa_gEQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/voir-films-un-coup-de-ds-franais-gratuit-et-vf-complet/c/WCCxuVTaYWE
    https://groups.google.com/g/vostfr-un-coup-de-ds-streaming-vf-complet-gratuit—-en-franais/c/tH4AoEJkygQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/voir-un-coup-de-ds-film-complet-vf/c/Ar_6kU4eQG0
    https://gamma.app/public/Voir-UN-COUP-DE-DES-Streaming-Vostfr-FR-Complet-qbnkdys8kz3mqct
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-FILMS-UN-COUP-DE-DES-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-7guvcfg2z3v62yp
    https://gamma.app/public/VOSTFR-UN-COUP-DE-DES-Streaming-VF-Complet-Gratuit-en-Francais-aomb4i2h534zvdk
    https://gamma.app/public/UN-COUP-DE-DES-En-Francais-VOSTFR-fw7orhm50mpzruy
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-UN-COUP-DE-DES-FILM-COMPLET-VF-xg4b9xle792tqht
    https://gamma.app/public/Voir-UNE-AFFAIRE-DHONNEUR-Streaming-Vostfr-FR-Complet-rzwu9trbp6rrq8d
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-FILMS-UNE-AFFAIRE-DHONNEUR-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-1qk8ph6vqvl3q6k
    https://gamma.app/public/VOSTFR-UNE-AFFAIRE-DHONNEUR-Streaming-VF-Complet-Gratuit-en-Fra-ggf5h6vgm2mrof8
    https://gamma.app/public/UNE-AFFAIRE-DHONNEUR-En-Francais-VOSTFR-mnrkc15zvfpz4qo
    https://gamma.app/public/Voir-LES-CHAMBRES-ROUGES-Streaming-Vostfr-FR-Complet-xdmtbqp8x405q0a
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-FILMS-LES-CHAMBRES-ROUGES-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-1tkt0h2aoepld02
    https://gamma.app/public/VOSTFR-LES-CHAMBRES-ROUGES-Streaming-VF-Complet-Gratuit-en-Fran-8m3kjjy4btisslk
    https://gamma.app/public/LES-CHAMBRES-ROUGESEn-FrancaisVOSTFR-o02nbb1ulgomhna
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-LES-CHAMBRES-ROUGES-FILM-COMPLET-VF-n7w9gti5yy8ma0y
    https://gamma.app/public/Voir-IRON-CLAW-Streaming-Vostfr-FR-Complet-64yenloy8q2xjqb
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-FILMS-IRON-CLAW-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-fkz56mxgd4wej2k
    https://gamma.app/public/VOSTFR-IRON-CLAW-Streaming-VF-Complet-Gratuit-en-Francais-go82fo0hn9jeb8m
    https://gamma.app/public/IRON-CLAWEn-FrancaisVOSTFR-p5okcsd0b63m3xl
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-IRON-CLAW-FILM-COMPLET-VF-gcp6ot32lszrzhq
    https://gamma.app/public/Rob-Roll-1080P-HDTW-oojx81644hlorf6
    https://gamma.app/public/Rob-Roll-TW-HD1080p-4k-3hhd7pzc9q7fqpd
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-6n7nxscjtig2dbe
    https://gamma.app/public/Rob-Roll-2024-vku7phvqt6atujc
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Rob-Roll—m3fk8on0hgb5xrc
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-1080P-HDTW-j4l6x2fzna3cs5u
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-TW-HD1080p-4k-nn7rago1mjhmvn5
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-2024-jlt2qhf9t1o6o6w
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-The-Beekeeper—854mhvvsxjfpin8
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-1080P-HDTW-gp2wzk1sm0nikrb
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-TW-HD1080p-4k-fb3lb9nzi0caaps
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-yiz23lz8evq7m3a
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-2024-6ifcu51wsid2gz4
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Night-Falls—ptca0zdgfkz6es1
    https://gamma.app/public/Han-Dan-1080P-HDTW-ttujql0suymg49t
    https://gamma.app/public/Han-Dan-TW-HD1080p-4k-6b4v6w7nih1vwx2
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-oow4izomayr8ii0
    https://gamma.app/public/Han-Dan-2024-qq3z0er6o8ovot6
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Han-Dan—nasx0uy6nbbqz44
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-phim-Mat-Vu-Ong-2024-FULL-HD-Vietsub-4yt53i3qqrira96
    https://gamma.app/public/Vietsub-FULL-HD-Xem-Phim-Mat-Vu-Ong-2024-nrkqccjryfj1z1x
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-phim-Mat-Vu-Ong-2024-4k-FULL-Vietsub-y8xvfk3b6dfmoji
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-Phim-Mat-Vu-Ong-2024-Vietsub-Full-Truc-Tuyen-Mien-Phi-HD-1080-kux5iw6z7113i8e
    https://gamma.app/public/FULL-HD-Xem-Phim-Mat-Vu-Ong-2024-Vietsub-Thuyet-Minh-qyr9pksu86nbqjo

  • storyline

    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143257458072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143259018072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143260764072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143264034072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143265246072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143267916072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143270328072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143273904072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150094350020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150096834020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342598245197217
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342600758530299
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342607225196319
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342610208529354
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342612355195806
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342614255195616
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342616591862049
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342618411861867
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342622895194752
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150102594020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150103176020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150104322020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150104958020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150106068020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150106956020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150108798020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150110226020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150111630020904
    https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/JP96ZN8
    https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/JPYHXJG

  • SDFDS

    https://gamma.app/public/2023-1080P-oxie7irj2mvm049
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-1080P—t8duozpjcpbfk3o
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-1080P-lvarl8nd19bv9p8
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-1080P-7b8inofvo8h4hgq
    https://gamma.app/public/1080P-kbpagkgzlyajich
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-1080P—u1za54c9xk9m7bc
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-1080P-45fzfqi4xkx9zro
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-1080P—pj3xyh4x5cohq2u
    https://gamma.app/public/1080P-pcfl8bcxam4ijm3
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-1080P-35r9dwv67bsrs4b
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-1080P—5mak0v17sqi78ru
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HDBLURAY-9pr2oplvmdgbuqz
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-1080P-2gv9uimgswdujva
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-1080-p-01HK792G0Y4XQV8P0TCYFHTEMB
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-1080-p-01HK794TJQS18HS68W41PAEWWY
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-1080-p-01HK795PGS25V7J7BERZRJAVGM
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-hd-bluray-01HK796JRR10HP4RWR7DWV7J1S
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-hd-bluray-01HK79AYTPSSAY0KJKCQWM063J
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-1080-p-01HK79BRGT0ZJZG18K5AKT1ZZV
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-1080-p-01HK79CP912KW5JM802Y6JS7B8
    https://www.taskade.com/p/1080-p-01HK79DNXE3VX3B9P39VC6YKHN
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-1080-p-01HK79K17EW967HAY46G1A0ZGW
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-1080-p-01HK79MBZCZZCEVVYB47E7JF77
    https://www.taskade.com/p/1080-p-01HK79NAMK2FMR3Z63YQ62FF3F
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-hd-bluray-01HK79P6PG4MPD36GXMP1ZJTPQ
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-1080-p-01HK79XK24D6BB8CS46X8D8KB5
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-1080-p-01HK79YJP4RYDN69VEEW4Y0WBW
    https://www.taskade.com/p/1080-p-01HK79ZE8HM3EW4YNP8BQ8DP1Z
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-hd-bluray-01HK7A0795JWCMRYFND18YRN7E
    https://nas.io/1080phd2023.md-j9de/-1080phd-2023md
    https://nas.io/-.md-ze84/-md
    https://nas.io/-johnnykeepwalking-tw-aoiq/-johnny-keep-walking—tw-
    https://nas.io/1080phd2023.md-2-cj07/-1080phd-2023md
    https://nas.io/-.md-2-ubzs/-md
    https://nas.io/-thegoldfinger-tw-4wqp/-the-goldfinger—tw-
    https://nas.io/1080phd2023.md-3-aakm/-1080phd-2023md
    https://nas.io/-.md-3-eggn/-md
    https://nas.io/-the-beekeeper-tw-2-usoo/-the-beekeeper—tw-
    https://nas.io/-xem-phim-tee-yod-qu-n-tng-2023-full-hd-v-2-uftu/-xem-phim-tee-yod-qu-n-tng-2023-full-hd-vietsub-
    https://nas.io/vitsub-full-hd-xem-phim-tee-yod-qu-n-tng-2-2-f27u/vitsub-full-hd-xem-phim-tee-yod-qu-n-tng—2024-
    https://nas.io/xem-phim-tee-yod-qu-n-tng-20244k-full—1z81/xem-phim-tee-yod-qu-n-tng-2024-4k-full—vietsub
    https://nas.io/-xem-phim-qu-cu-2024-full-hd-vietsub-5hjk/-xem-phim-qu-cu-2024-full-hd-vietsub-
    https://nas.io/vitsub-full-hd-xem-phim-qu-cu-2024-vta3/vitsub-full-hd-xem-phim-qu-cu—2024-
    https://nas.io/xem-phim-qu-cu-20244k-full-vietsub-wswe/xem-phim-qu-cu-2024-4k-full—vietsub
    https://nas.io/-xem-phim-k-n-hn-2024-full-hd-vietsub-f3sa/-xem-phim-k-n-hn-2024-full-hd-vietsub-
    https://nas.io/vitsub-full-hd-xem-phim-k-n-hn-2024-lm60/vitsub-full-hd-xem-phim-k-n-hn—2024-
    https://nas.io/xem-phim-k-n-hn-20244k-full-vietsub-sy8e/xem-phim-k-n-hn-2024-4k-full—vietsub
    https://nas.io/-xem-phim-aquaman-v-vng-quc-tht-lc-2024-qulw/-xem-phim-aquaman-v-vng-quc-tht-lc-2024-full-hd-vietsub-
    https://nas.io/vitsub-full-hd-xem-phim-aquaman-v-vng-quc-t-vqnn/vitsub-full-hd-xem-phim-aquaman-v-vng-quc-tht-lc—2024-
    https://nas.io/xem-phim-aquaman-v-vng-quc-tht-lc-2024-22pi/xem-phim-aquaman-v-vng-quc-tht-lc-2024-4k-full—vietsub
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-phim-Aquaman-Va-Vuong-Quoc-That-Lac-2024-FULL-HD-Vietsub-pvuwgt75hcfaalm
    https://gamma.app/public/Vietsub-FULL-HD-Xem-Phim-Aquaman-Va-Vuong-Quoc-That-Lac-2024-1okrzg5yxh6kr3h
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-phim-Aquaman-Va-Vuong-Quoc-That-Lac-2024-4k-FULL-Vietsub-mzmrg9m6djl18i8
    https://gamma.app/public/FULL-HD-Xem-Phim-Aquaman-Va-Vuong-Quoc-That-Lac-2024-Vietsub-Thuy-9wl0edj4vqyn48v
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-Phim-Aquaman-Va-Vuong-Quoc-That-Lac-2024-Vietsub-Full-Truc-Tu-bsdwgo87sy4uxh5
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-phim-Ke-An-Hon-2024-FULL-HD-Vietsub-59ns518aq8xwtxx
    https://gamma.app/public/Vietsub-FULL-HD-Xem-Phim-Ke-An-Hon-2024-bleko34vkykfgk2
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-phim-Ke-An-Hon-2024-4k-FULL-Vietsub-cd3gtptyzf6gt8d
    https://gamma.app/public/FULL-HD-Xem-Phim-Ke-An-Hon-2024-Vietsub-Thuyet-Minh-jng5gujkvz0i11y
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-Phim-Quy-Cau-2024-Vietsub-Full-Truc-Tuyen-Mien-Phi-HD-1080p-s0k2xlz6xqbi55e
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-phim-Quy-Cau-2024-FULL-HD-Vietsub-xzjvx0uqt50y9bj
    https://gamma.app/public/Vietsub-FULL-HD-Xem-Phim-Quy-Cau-2024-ptf0xs13fg89218
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-phim-Quy-Cau-2024-4k-FULL-Vietsub-g87nehhckp6nwj2
    https://www.taskade.com/p/xem-phim-ke-an-hon-2024-full-hd-vietsub-01HK81MXY0JZHVS78EHZQE7HJX
    https://www.taskade.com/p/vietsub-full-hd-xem-phim-ke-an-hon-2024-01HK81P6X8GCDJKZ1AATKEH9K6
    https://www.taskade.com/p/xem-phim-ke-an-hon-2024-4k-full-vietsub-01HK81QP5M7YEJ6XBBK7WSNYS0
    https://www.taskade.com/p/xem-phim-ke-an-hon-2024-vietsub-full-truc-tuyen-mien-phi-hd-1080p-01HK81RPEFWR62JV3XB988654K
    https://www.taskade.com/p/full-hd-xem-phim-ke-an-hon-2024-vietsub-thuyet-minh-01HK81SKF1T67JNDWQQM6D75V1
    https://www.taskade.com/p/xem-phim-quy-cau-2024-full-hd-vietsub-01HK8336JX9F9Y984Z9QPJ7303
    https://www.taskade.com/p/vietsub-full-hd-xem-phim-quy-cau-2024-01HK8347TRPC5G0M35XFHQBW6N
    https://www.taskade.com/p/xem-phim-quy-cau-2024-4k-full-vietsub-01HK8351AJHM9PEPGQE56G2Q7A
    https://www.taskade.com/p/full-hd-xem-phim-quy-cau-2024-vietsub-thuyet-minh-01HK836DM0J5C3G3JSTB1TJM4G
    https://www.taskade.com/p/xem-phim-aquaman-va-vuong-quoc-that-lac-2024-full-hd-vietsub-01HK80Y6MB1G0FV0QT6496GRPJ
    https://www.taskade.com/p/vietsub-full-hd-xem-phim-aquaman-va-vuong-quoc-that-lac-2024-01HK80Z61CN9Z9SBV51K9HS5AG
    https://www.taskade.com/p/xem-phim-aquaman-va-vuong-quoc-that-lac-2024-4k-full-vietsub-01HK81034EKDVZNCN79SX2ER3F
    https://www.taskade.com/p/full-hd-xem-phim-aquaman-va-vuong-quoc-that-lac-2024-vietsub-thuyet-minh-01HK810YQ1ZTQHJVVDKYXYGV0J

Leave a comment

BLOG