sustainability · 3657 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://vk.com/@772605107-xem-phim-quy-cau-vn2024-full-hd-4k-vietsub-mien-phi
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-phim-Quy-Cau-2024-1080-FULL-Vietsub-n5dx62lepyis17g?mode=doc
    https://gamma.app/public/2024—1utcb3ct43x8o4x?mode=doc
    https://groups.google.com/g/ibm.software.network.directory-integrator/c/_qDoj0KQEdg
    https://rentry.co/ixf2gh
    https://rentry.co/ot8pm

  • asdas

    https://gamma.app/public/VERCUANDO-ACECHA-LA-MALDAD-2024-Pelicula-Completa-Online-en-Espan-gwgssjj8ay0323j
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-VER-CUANDO-ACECHA-LA-MALDAD-2024-Pelicula-Online-Espano-2t57d2ulo87qgph
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUSVer-CUANDO-ACECHA-LA-MALDAD-Pelicula-Completa-Online-rbtg5td4cg8tu1g
    https://www.taskade.com/p/pelisplus-ver-cuando-acecha-la-maldad-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2Q3MAF2HB0G8AWQNJMQZ6C
    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-cuevana-cuando-acecha-la-maldad-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2Q4DNAHDX2T579WJ4XT19A
    https://www.taskade.com/p/cuevana-3-ver-cuando-acecha-la-maldad-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2Q59MG54XNSGKTTWMKQWSP
    https://gamma.app/public/VERCUANDO-LA-MALDICION-DEL-QUEEN-MARY-2024-Pelicula-Completa-Onli-nij8nltskmiabjf
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-VER-CUANDO-LA-MALDICION-DEL-QUEEN-MARY-2024-Pelicula-On-af9ob51uniw6hlw
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUSVer-CUANDO-LA-MALDICION-DEL-QUEEN-MARY-Pelicula-Completa-weuis650ozksdxg
    https://www.taskade.com/p/pelisplus-ver-cuando-la-maldicion-del-queen-mary-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2QSMVSTFCC8EJ2M83MWPF9
    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-cuevana-cuando-la-maldicion-del-queen-mary-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2QTJCH35416PS0VJW3M1P0
    https://www.taskade.com/p/cuevana-3-ver-cuando-la-maldicion-del-queen-mary-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2QVK5V274SPBTRTC4W229M
    https://gamma.app/public/VERCUANDO-EL-CORREO-2024-Pelicula-Completa-Online-en-Espanol-vmzr8g9i1atcufb
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-VER-CUANDO-EL-CORREO-2024-Pelicula-Online-Espanol-y-lat-q97jfnmovtr1mr5
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUSVer-CUANDO-EL-CORREO-Pelicula-Completa-Online-2xiwrlf30cegv63
    https://www.taskade.com/p/pelisplus-ver-cuando-el-correo-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2RB9APZ2VHH4ZPGDRXZ2A2
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    https://gamma.app/public/VERCUANDO-CULPA-TUYA-2024-Pelicula-Completa-Online-en-Espanol-r7tpqztimtqwt70
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-VER-CUANDO-CULPA-TUYA-2024-Pelicula-Online-Espanol-y-la-p6s5tcdzyx8drzr
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    https://www.taskade.com/p/pelisplus-ver-cuando-culpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2RX86D9DQ87MB202QR6FGR
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    https://www.taskade.com/p/cuevana-3-ver-cuando-culpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2RZDGXM6VYQ33HQ2B93W84
    https://gamma.app/public/VERCUANDO-OCHO-APELLIDOS-MARROQUIS-2024-Pelicula-Completa-Online—xbq9szhgmfg13qq
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-VER-CUANDO-OCHO-APELLIDOS-MARROQUIS-2024-Pelicula-Onlin-gwsmel99g8h1me3
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    https://www.taskade.com/p/pelisplus-ver-cuando-ocho-apellidos-marroquis-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2SE8DVQADDC0G6NSN360XA
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    https://gamma.app/public/VERCUANDO-GODZILLA-Y-KONG-EL-NUEVO-IMPERIO-2024-Pelicula-Completa-ixzxhsapht736fe
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-VER-CUANDO-GODZILLA-Y-KONG-EL-NUEVO-IMPERIO-2024-Pelicu-fbd6r2rrxwglhwn
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUSVer-CUANDO-GODZILLA-Y-KONG-EL-NUEVO-IMPERIO-Pelicula-Com-rp5clw5wky2nc94
    https://www.taskade.com/p/pelisplus-ver-cuando-godzilla-y-kong-el-nuevo-imperio-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2T388DA0DNNYYJBJGXFDTP
    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-cuevana-cuando-godzilla-y-kong-el-nuevo-imperio-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2T40ZRHAAKYT5E6HFCHVB5
    https://www.taskade.com/p/cuevana-3-ver-cuando-godzilla-y-kong-el-nuevo-imperio-2024-pelicula-completa-01HM2T55FY2CDRD184K17QMTQ4

  • SDFSD

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    https://www.taskade.com/p/xem-phim-quy-cau-2023-vietsub-full-truc-tuyen-mien-phi-hd-1080p-01HKZB4W2E33HA68T464PXE5ST
    https://www.taskade.com/p/xem-phim-quy-cau-2023-full-hd-vietsub-01HKZB5R5C0F36759EFF2DDXD0
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    https://soundcloud.com/x-sa-mant-hal-o-p-e-z/videoplayback
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    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-phim-Tee-Yod-Quy-An-Tang-2023-FULL-HD-Vietsub-lza3mref3er0ajo
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    https://soundcloud.com/h-o-te-na-s-eo-635649878/xem-phim-tee-yod-quy-an-tang-2023-full-hd-vietsub
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    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-chicas-malas-2024-pelicula-completa-online-en-espanol-01HKZJ71YRQGXQ79EK84J1ZESR
    https://www.taskade.com/p/pelisplus-ver-chicas-malas-2024-pelicula-online-espanol-y-latino-01HKZJA5WAQJCM8D1Q96J3JRKD
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    https://gamma.app/public/Ver-Cuevana-CHICAS-MALAS-2024-pelicula-comple-cziml5qgtyv9917
    https://gamma.app/public/Cuevana-3Ver-CHICAS-MALAS-2024-Pelicula-Completa-anrrpdjbbzp5xmg
    https://gamma.app/public/VERCHICAS-MALAS-2024-Pelicula-Completa-Online-en-Espanol-h2tthcz4eqddlc3
    https://soundcloud.com/mari-ss-a-a-l-da-0/verchicas-malas-2024-pelicula-completa-online-en-espanol
    https://soundcloud.com/mic-ca-a-jo-s-e/pelisplusver-chicas-malas-pelicula-completa-online
    https://soundcloud.com/mic-ca-a-jo-s-e/pelisplus-ver-chicas-malas-2024-pelicula-completa
    https://gamma.app/public/VERCULPA-TUYA-2024-Pelicula-Completa-Online-en-Espanol-5demyqimwp8wydo
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-VER-CULPA-TUYA-2024-Pelicula-Online-Espanol-y-latino-1qdwsywwwhlt5di
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUSVer-CULPA-TUYA-Pelicula-Completa-Online-2hcz183qtnjtgxo
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-Ver-CULPA-TUYA-2024-Pelicula-completa-qo56of5f112r9qe
    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-cuevana-culpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-completa-01HKZMBAECZ1N7YZAKZX4CZT28
    https://www.taskade.com/p/cuevana-3-ver-culpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-completa-01HKZMC7Z54NS0FFZMRZY9P504
    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-culpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-completa-online-en-espanol-01HKZMD3ZEBCJ98P49P944EC3C
    https://soundcloud.com/s-e-denro-de-o/verculpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-completa-online-en-espanol
    https://soundcloud.com/s-e-denro-de-o/pelisplus-ver-culpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-online-espanol-y-latino
    https://soundcloud.com/zara-ellis-3-3/pelisplusver-culpa-tuya-pelicula-completa-online
    https://soundcloud.com/zara-ellis-3-3/cuevana-3ver-culpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-completa
    https://gamma.app/public/VERPRISCILLA-2024-Pelicula-Completa-Online-en-Espanol-xr8uao8kahoqoqe
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-VER-PRISCILLA-2024-Pelicula-Online-Espanol-y-latino-654jokzxqbxvgsl
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUSVer-PRISCILLA-Pelicula-Completa-Online-e33m2z9x0vh3gtg
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-Ver-PRISCILLA-2024-Pelicula-completa-vpww9zzgjat3edw
    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-cuevana-priscilla-2024-pelicula-completa-01HKZN9DNXXN8YBRVRD8G850J7
    https://www.taskade.com/p/cuevana-3-ver-priscilla-2024-pelicula-completa-01HKZNA6JJ992ZB9NRMP41NZY1
    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-priscilla-2024-pelicula-completa-online-en-espanol-01HKZNAYEER7VMET2RBNGN5E2A
    https://www.taskade.com/p/pelisplus-ver-priscilla-2024-pelicula-online-espanol-y-latino-01HKZNBP87WPVNP7KCWP8H2P7Y
    https://soundcloud.com/ro-se-l-y-n-annetal-ao/pelisplusver-priscilla-pelicula-completa-online
    https://soundcloud.com/ro-se-l-y-n-annetal-ao/pelisplus-ver-priscilla-2024-pelicula-completa

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