sustainability · 4563 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

4564 comments

Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!

  • Marsinah

    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502323
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502367
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502386
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502428
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502468
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502490
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502510
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502537
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502618
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502657
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502692
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502747
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502773
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502799
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502825
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502853
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32500842
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32500880
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32500916
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32500951
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32501046
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32501082
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32501128
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32501147
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32501176
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302359/posts/32501366
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500306
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500564
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500585
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500604
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32498097
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32499134
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500091
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500184
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500220
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500274
    https://paste.gg/p/awwahsans/d3ec6423f2754c179db554b2f50240db
    https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/X8WbSX
    https://solo.to/myshowflikxz
    https://hackmd.io/@megacinemaxhd/BJkntGkCA
    https://jsitor.com/LbZcr0VLC5
    https://wokwi.com/projects/409837229528934401
    https://jsfiddle.net/cindyyuvia/02ne4xdz/
    https://jsbin.com/weworey/edit?html,output
    https://yamcode.com/uyiyuiyuiii
    https://pastebin.com/rbvsSUk3
    https://pastelink.net/9pgz3yyg
    https://www.etextpad.com/gt8ajdkghr
    https://paiza.io/projects/0mVwllj75vwg9iAFvYRxEQ
    https://bitbin.it/QTYp355Q/
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/eb363000
    https://paste.ee/p/Ph9DO
    https://rentry.co/mdnhufbo
    https://onlinegdb.com/WG5V5dJzrK
    https://dictanote.co/n/1072012/
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/f923ae59
    https://rextester.com/ERKJF75171
    https://authors-old.curseforge.com/paste/213c6a47
    https://wow.curseforge.com/paste/cd404f46
    https://rift.curseforge.com/paste/ca886172
    https://www.wowace.com/paste/b0a67c55
    https://dev.bukkit.org/paste/80dec69e
    https://rom.curseforge.com/paste/46a739e3

  • Herpafend jaat

    https://sites.google.com/view/herpafend-reviews-health-us/
    https://www.facebook.com/PrimalXMeGummieSuperUS/
    https://sites.google.com/view/herpafendreviewsfeelyouus/
    https://groups.google.com/g/herpafend-reviews-us/c/WxrfeRVi-hM
    https://groups.google.com/g/herpafend-reviews-us/c/VoP-2XozCfw
    https://groups.google.com/g/herpafend-reviews-us/c/C7C-fCaQGKs
    https://medium.com/HerpafendReviewsUS/herpafend-reviews-unlock-radiant-health-supercharge-your-life-with-powerful-antioxidants-8fe29d32d982 https://medium.com/HerpafendReviewsUS/herpafend-reviews-boost-your-immunity-naturally-the-antioxidant-revolution-awaits-cac515246531
    https://medium.com/HerpafendReviewsUS/herpafend-reviews-antioxidants-unleashed-your-path-to-a-healthier-happier-you-91165c827bb4 https://medium.com/HerpafendReviewsUS/herpafend-reviews-the-ultimate-antioxidant-guide-transform-your-health-77fae171088b
    https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/herpafend-reviews-discover-the-antioxidant-advantage-your-key-to-vibrant-living.54322/
    https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/herpafend-reviews-nourish-from-within-how-antioxidants-can-change-your-life.54336/
    https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/herpafend-reviews-revitalize-your-health-top-antioxidant-picks-for-optimal-wellness.54356/
    https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/herpafend-reviews-feel-younger-live-better-discover-the-magic-of-antioxidants-today.54362/
    https://github.com/Herpafend-Reviews-Health-USA/Unlock-Radiant-Health-Supercharge-Your-Life-with-Powerful-Antioxidants-/
    https://github.com/herpafendjaat/Feel-Younger-Live-Better-Discover-the-Magic-of-Antioxidants-Today-/
    https://github.com/herpafendjaat/Revitalize-Your-Health-Top-Antioxidant-Picks-for-Optimal-Wellness/
    https://github.com/herpafendjaat/Protect-Heal-Thrive-Why-Antioxidants-are-a-Health-Game-Changer/
    https://www.tickettailor.com/events/herpafendreviews1/1403209
    https://www.tickettailor.com/events/herpafendreviews1/1403210
    https://www.tickettailor.com/events/herpafendreviews1/1403212
    https://www.tickettailor.com/events/herpafendreviews1/1403213
    https://www.facebook.com/HerpafendReviewsHealthUSA/
    https://www.twibbonize.com/u/herpafendreviewssuperus
    https://www.twibbonize.com/u/herpafendreviewshealthus
    https://www.twibbonize.com/u/herpafendreviewsofficialusa
    https://sites.google.com/view/vitaldynamicsenhancementbuyus/
    https://sites.google.com/view/vital-dynamics-male-now-us/
    https://groups.google.com/g/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-now-us/c/yXhHHUFd3ck
    https://groups.google.com/g/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-now-us/c/V9V-OQFWr9M
    https://groups.google.com/g/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-now-us/c/npA3a4xWlc0
    https://medium.com/VitalDynamicsMaleEnhancementus/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-the-ultimate-male-enhancement-solution-25dd8e6ce4e4 https://medium.com/VitalDynamicsMaleEnhancementus/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-transform-your-intimacy-now-f040efaf0ac4
    https://medium.com/VitalDynamicsMaleEnhancementus/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-get-the-results-youve-always-wanted-4819e60e3f2d https://medium.com/VitalDynamicsMaleEnhancementus/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-discover-the-key-to-superior-satisfaction-b3f5b308308d
    https://github.com/Vital-Dynamics-Male-Enhancement-US/Enhance-Performance-Confidence-Today-/
    https://github.com/Vital-Dynamics-Male-Enhancement-US/ransform-Your-Intimacy-Now-/
    https://github.com/Allisonjaat/Get-the-Results-You-ve-Always-Wanted-/
    https://github.com/Vital-Dynamics-Male-Enhancement-US/Elevate-Your-Game-Today-/
    https://www.facebook.com/VitalDynamicsMaleEnhancementGummiesOfficialUS/
    https://www.twibbonize.com/u/vitaldynamicsmaleenhancement
    https://www.twibbonize.com/u/vitaldynamicsmaleenhancementus
    https://www.facebook.com/ElitextremeMaleEnhancementOfferUSA/
    https://www.facebook.com/LibonexGummiesAustriaDe/
    https://www.facebook.com/ManUpGummiesSuperAustralia/
    https://www.facebook.com/TetrablissCBDBloodUSA/
    https://www.facebook.com/VitalSurgeGummiesSuperus/
    https://www.facebook.com/PrimalXMeGummieSuperUS/

  • fgrtgd

    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteVenomPoslednitanecCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteJokerFolieaDeuxCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteTransformersJednaCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteMariaMontessoriCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteProkletiSalemuCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteOskliviCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteSektor36CelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteAnoraCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteNeprivolavejNicZlehoCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteEmaasmrtihlavCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/462281773454390/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/862782825818445/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1254290035596680/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1601673110434848/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/3405504699751870/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/3627170107613072/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1226410591881186/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/500235659428835/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1965056887285769/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1258941928862348/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/528898526496080/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/525425133400111/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/954044326754452/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1529588174614002/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1542461386463348/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1927929351010172/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1639988176599983/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/750612817166709/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/834193618899888/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/538900198815408/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/833005115486517/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/871230628287141/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1239618037469342/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/2201930873519083/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/482258754635828/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/443293362084569/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1087633656054980/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1848050709055608/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1616360195615361/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1368472997444413/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/499766782946627/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/26798589723119028/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1197638338185861/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/878131840604479/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/916136473667137/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/452188074535180/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/510635698593473/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/519725910642837/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1568598457070445/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1905092536679395/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/490422717177281/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/861239962377194/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/847308004176016/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1268757300948700/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/3561973074094645/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/496109023182689/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/506331172137191/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/547598784278458/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/766311908908196/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1517261769161857/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/488725210746648/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/807285444643722/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/2306025973095287/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/3733729973558570/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/506400288916093/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1634262697360871/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1686839275506594/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1433389427327384/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1079155270473114/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/962072445686331/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1199345781176242/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/886614036726818/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1709800713102185/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1250373549498561/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/2274819029552307/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/531808345997627/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/862321295868533/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/975441611019178/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1062613745534304/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1215500649653017/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/393333953612488/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/516647057771633/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/816976873645019/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/893687339273224/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/448326047564396/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621191710015489/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-wolfs-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-yify-mov%F0%9D%9A%92es-available/topicid-3621191710015489/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621192412528640/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-wolfs-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-full-mov%F0%9D%9A%92e-available/topicid-3621192412528640/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621193182248961/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-wolfs-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-full-mov%F0%9D%9A%92e-fr%F0%9D%9A%8Ee/topicid-3621193182248961/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621194050437121/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-wolfs-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-full-mov%F0%9D%9A%92e-onl%F0%9D%9A%92ne/topicid-3621194050437121/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621194985701377/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eedownl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-wolfs-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-yify-mov%F0%9D%9A%92es/topicid-3621194985701377/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621195849793536/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-jung-kook-i-am-still-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-yify/topicid-3621195849793536/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621197485604865/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-jung-kook-i-am-still-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-full/topicid-3621197485604865/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621198003568640/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-jung-kook-i-am-still-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-full/topicid-3621198003568640/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621198945124352/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eedownl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-jung-kook-i-am-still-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-yify/topicid-3621198945124352/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621208111775744/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-jung-kook-i-am-still-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-full/topicid-3621208111775744/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621212578742272/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621213293838336/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621214023680001/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621214512316416/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621214975787009/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621215680397312/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621216032751617/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621216391430144/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621216796180481/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621217242873856/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621217620295680/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621218276737024/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621218700394496/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621219520315393/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621219912515585/
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407267
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407293
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407315
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407327
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407344
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407356
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407366
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299165/posts/32407440
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299165/posts/32407456
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299165/posts/32407468
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299189/posts/32407768
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299189/posts/32407803
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299189/posts/32407840
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299189/posts/32407853
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299189/posts/32407864
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299201/posts/32407936
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299201/posts/32407950
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299201/posts/32407966
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299201/posts/32407980
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299201/posts/32407998
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299216/posts/32408134
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299216/posts/32408168
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299216/posts/32408179
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299216/posts/32408197
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299216/posts/32408211
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299216/posts/32408230
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299229/posts/32408290
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299229/posts/32408307
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299229/posts/32408333

  • ddd

    https://billetto.co.uk/users/transformers-one-ful-hd-720p-y-1080p-online/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/pelicula-v-e-r-transformers-one-espanol-2024-ful-hd/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/pelisflix-mp4-hd-transformers-one-_-subtitulado-ver/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/el-teorema-de-marguerite-cuevana-mp4-ful-hd/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/el-teorema-de-marguerite-cuevana-pelis-hd-en-espanol/details

    https://billetto.co.uk/users/espanol-2024-solo-para-mi-ful-hd-pelicula-v-e-r/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/marcello-mio-espanol-pelicula-2024-completa-4k/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/the-concierge-pelisflix-espanol-y-latino/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/megalopolis-ver-la-peliculas-completa-4k/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/megalopolis-online-gratis-pelicula-hd-en-espanol/details

    https://topmate.io/speddddddddddddddddddd_sp/1222998
    https://topmate.io/speddddddddddddddddddd_sp/1222999
    https://topmate.io/speddddddddddddddddddd_sp/1223005
    https://topmate.io/speddddddddddddddddddd_sp/1223008
    https://topmate.io/speddddddddddddddddddd_sp/1223011

    https://topmate.io/fransessssshooooooooo_fra/1223020
    https://topmate.io/fransessssshooooooooo_fra/1223022
    https://topmate.io/fransessssshooooooooo_fra/1223026
    https://topmate.io/fransessssshooooooooo_fra/1223034
    https://topmate.io/fransessssshooooooooo_fra/1223049

    https://heweek468.outgrow.us/heweek468-2
    https://cetnob730.outgrow.us/cetnob730-2
    https://degcos226.outgrow.us/degcos226-2
    https://cetnob811.outgrow.us/cetnob811-2
    https://cetnob354.outgrow.us/cetnob354-2
    https://asaud791.outgrow.us/asaud791-2

  • fdrtgerdgt

    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32431884
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32431895
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432034
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432084
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432093
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432108
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432148
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432156
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300352/posts/32432186
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300352/posts/32432195
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300352/posts/32432205
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300352/posts/32432210
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432408
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432416
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432430
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432440
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432446
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432457
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432468
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432508
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432518
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432527
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432534
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432545
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432553
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432562
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432580
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432598
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432607
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300365/posts/32432639
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300365/posts/32432642

  • fdrtgerdgt

    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32431884
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32431895
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432034
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432084
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432093
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432108
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432148
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432156
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300352/posts/32432186
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300352/posts/32432195
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300352/posts/32432205
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300352/posts/32432210
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432408
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432416
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432430
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432440
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432446
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432457
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432468
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432508
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432518
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432527
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432534
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432545
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432553
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432562
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432580
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432598
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432607
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300365/posts/32432639
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300365/posts/32432642

Leave a comment

BLOG