Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502323
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502367
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502386
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502428
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502468
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502490
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502510
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147416991/posts/32502537
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502618
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502657
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502692
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502747
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502773
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502799
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502825
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147211394/posts/32502853
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32500842
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32500880
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32500916
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32500951
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32501046
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32501082
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32501128
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32501147
https://www.strava.com/athletes/147417333/posts/32501176
https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302359/posts/32501366
https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500306
https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500564
https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500585
https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500604
https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32498097
https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32499134
https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500091
https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500184
https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500220
https://www.strava.com/clubs/1302244/posts/32500274
https://paste.gg/p/awwahsans/d3ec6423f2754c179db554b2f50240db
https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/X8WbSX
https://solo.to/myshowflikxz
https://hackmd.io/@megacinemaxhd/BJkntGkCA
https://jsitor.com/LbZcr0VLC5
https://wokwi.com/projects/409837229528934401
https://jsfiddle.net/cindyyuvia/02ne4xdz/
https://jsbin.com/weworey/edit?html,output
https://yamcode.com/uyiyuiyuiii
https://pastebin.com/rbvsSUk3
https://pastelink.net/9pgz3yyg
https://www.etextpad.com/gt8ajdkghr
https://paiza.io/projects/0mVwllj75vwg9iAFvYRxEQ
https://bitbin.it/QTYp355Q/
https://paste.intergen.online/view/eb363000
https://paste.ee/p/Ph9DO
https://rentry.co/mdnhufbo
https://onlinegdb.com/WG5V5dJzrK
https://dictanote.co/n/1072012/
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/f923ae59
https://rextester.com/ERKJF75171
https://authors-old.curseforge.com/paste/213c6a47
https://wow.curseforge.com/paste/cd404f46
https://rift.curseforge.com/paste/ca886172
https://www.wowace.com/paste/b0a67c55
https://dev.bukkit.org/paste/80dec69e
https://rom.curseforge.com/paste/46a739e3
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplus-ver-monster-summer-2
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplus-ver-megalopolis-2024
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplus-ver-deadpool-3-wolve
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplusversubservience2024on
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplusvertransformersone202
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplus-verbeetlejuice22024
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplusverbeetlejuicebeetlej
https://www.wilkinswalk.com/blogs/blogger/nike-air-vapormax?comment=133488050340#comments
http://www.limesucks.com/thread/wdw/
https://postheaven.net/o58c8qozjm
https://forum.woimortal.com
https://dangtinvantai.com/threads/ddff55.49847/
https://www.cantiqla.com/blogs/news/cantiq-anniversary-party?comment=132950163565#comments
https://smartsnack.cl/blogs/news/beneficios-de-dejar-el-azucar-y-tips-para-lograrlo?comment=137150365874#comments
https://www.allthebabies.co/blogs/news/mom-to-mom-with-valerie?comment=134153666800#comments
https://chobaolam.vn/threads/hrthtrhrj.553713/
http://forum.dnpsolpol.ru/threads/gregergr.7017/
https://socialmphl.com/story19696709/stream-free-movies-tv-shows
https://prbookmarkingwebsites.com/story20192489/stream-free-movies-tv-shows
https://smmwebforum.com/threads/hthththtr.21568/
https://haftahavit.com/blogs/news/so-simple-gifts-for-everyone?comment=134958645546#comments
https://www.baristaswag.com/blogs/news/free-pour-latte-art-coffee-art?comment=138142875750#comments
https://tagzfoods.com/blogs/news/tagz-why?comment=134153634032#comments
http://www.ks-welldental.com/well/bbs/board.php?bo_table=daily&wr_id=5&&page=1&#c_149
https://www.homerev.com/blogs/home-revolution/how-often-should-i-wash-my-reusable-coffee-mug?comment=135482540285#comments
https://vietnamtrade-forum.com/threads/gthyhyj.19014/
https://forum.sweepsflow.com/category/39/promotions/forum/community/discussions/71309-grgtght
https://pelisplushd.outgrow.us/pelisplus-ver-transformers-one-2024-pelicula-online-en-espanol
https://pelisplushd.outgrow.us/pelisplus-ver-beetlejuice-2-2024-pel-cula-online-en-espa-ol-y-subtitulad
https://cuevanahd.outgrow.us/pelisplus-ver-deadpool-3-wolverine-2024-online-en-espa-ol
https://cuevanahd.outgrow.us/cuevana-3-ver-transformers-one-2024-pelicula-online-en-espa-ol
https://githubespana.outgrow.us/pelisplus-ver-joker-folie-deux-2024-pel-cula-completa-online-en-espa-ol
https://veraqui.outgrow.us/ver-transformers-one-2024-pel-cula-completa-online-en-espa-ol-repelis-hd
https://veraqui.outgrow.us/ver-beetlejuice-2-2024-pel-cula-completa-online-en-espa-ol-repelis-hd
https://meganfox.outgrow.us/ver-subservience-2024-pel-cula-completa-online-en-espa-ol-repelis-hd
https://pastelink.net/9cz3avak
https://www.pastery.net/yrzhvz/
https://snippet.host/cyyeyu
https://pastebin.com/
https://tech.io/snippet/jR1KvOV
https://glot.io/snippets/h0at1fynaw
https://paste.toolforge.org/view/494051ca
https://telegra.ph/scscvs-09-26
https://paiza.io/projects/CfBrGJSwEXeCxgFR2tdirg
https://rentry.co/hx66fwxg
https://etextpad.com/gmrvocreyp
https://www.taptap.io/post/8231157
https://yamcode.com/untitled-104119
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/bcc3fbd1
https://paste.myst.rs/itist9kx
https://paste.thezomg.com/
https://www.onlinegdb.com/
https://network.propertyweek.com/
https://community.thoracic.org/
https://sloan.ucr.edu/
https://justpaste.it/gaukt
https://ctxt.io/2/AAC49klOFg
https://asmao.hashnode.dev/r32r32rf3r
https://ourclass.mn.co/posts/dwed
http://clan-banderos.de/web/index.php?site=profile&id=1&action=guestbook
https://jsfiddle.net/fuhpsL0k/
http://www.codyjhughes.com/guestbook/
https://rextester.com/YZFXI92875
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/155001-htht
https://forum.instube.com/d/145319-htht
https://matters.town/a/68mxg8pqcb8c
https://bitbin.it/6G6qGBq6/
https://www.wowace.com/paste/e72ea6d0
https://bitbucket.org/santuy213/workspace/snippets/MzB7g4
https://nodebb.klangknecht.com/category/1/announcements
https://www.forexagone.com/forum/create
https://www.selbstbesaiter.com/g%C3%A4stebuch/
https://cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/
https://jpn.itlibra.com/article?id=23247
https://www.lifesshortlivefree.com/community/off-topic/4gerger/
https://www.dotandlil.com/blogs/blog/77012548-now-in-stock-vintage-honey-tins-maintenant-disponibles-pots-de-miel-vintage?comment=134332186903#comments
https://ca.gleener.com/blogs/news/how-to-keep-your-workspace-working-for-you?comment=132613799994#comments
https://bryantsmeat.com/blogs/recipes/sausage-gumbo?comment=127843270841#comments
https://www.radiowarta.pl/artykul/16063,jak-nie-dac-sie-infekcji
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/8268/frfrfrg
https://medicine.ju.edu.jo/Lists/ConfReg/AllItems.aspx?
https://www.lacartuccia.ch/g%C3%A4stebuch/
https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/15010/scs
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/11071/sccs
https://www.bankier.pl/forum/wiadomosc-zapisana?post_id=68346977&obs=&emal=&st=1&thread_id=
https://issuu.com/amirah123/stacks
http://paste.jp/712589ad/
https://bitbin.it/6G6qGBq6/raw/
https://hackmd.io/1snlF_CtSmuqr9OxpdLJXg
https://www.lomarfarms.com/blogs/news/people?comment=136548745521#comments
https://wokwi.com/projects/410105200488938497
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/wp-sitemap-posts-post-1.xml
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/watch-krapopolis-season-2-episode-1-free-online-on-streamings/
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/watch-krapopolis-season-2-episode-1-free-online-on-english/
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/watch-the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon-season-2-episode-1-free-online-on-streamings/
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/watch-the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon-season-2-episode-1-free-online-on-english/
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/watch-the-penguin-season-1-episode-2-free-online-on-streamings/
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/watch-the-penguin-season-1-episode-2-free-online-on-english/
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/watch-the-simpsons-season-36-episode-1-free-online-on-streamings/
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/watch-doctor-odyssey-season-1-episode-1-free-online-on-streamings/
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/watch-doctor-odyssey-season-1-episode-1-free-online-on-english/
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/watch-tulsa-king-season-2-episode-3-free-online-on-streamings/
https://designtocode.hakunamatatatech.com/watch-tulsa-king-season-2-episode-3-free-online-on-english/
https://paste.myst.rs/gpk8w90f
https://bitbin.it/L1yO8xQ7/
https://yamcode.com/ewre34-293
https://pastebin.com/q42aJ39c
https://www.etextpad.com/grvnwdd5oj
https://dev.bukkit.org/paste/9aeb6d6d
https://hackmd.io/@ahmadabil/HywaqWiaC
https://dictanote.co/n/1074435/
https://wokwi.com/projects/328451800839488084
https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/ahmadabil/profile
https://matters.town/a/byldb2rxpxdk
https://jsfiddle.net/8vdL6t04/
https://jsbin.com/duniyetupe/edit?html
https://www.forexagone.com/forum/questions-debutants/ewr43543-165052#263676
https://sloan.ucr.edu/members/status/show?id=28915364%3AStatus%3A212862
https://community.thoracic.org/members/status/show?id=28920624%3AStatus%3A2007180
https://hybrid-analysis.com/sample/4018d6d6a3beb15932bd42b0bc854e05f4269929f0251baeb291e784a864e18c
https://paiza.io/projects/cwAXNwQoGFGOeR52qQ9pRQ?language=php
https://www.bankier.pl/forum/temat_natanael-cano,68344551.html
https://paste.myst.rs/kleskggl
https://bitbin.it/3eeCXEwg/
https://yamcode.com/wqewq-1024
https://pastebin.com/PzHcxPHe
https://www.cake.me/1000-free-dice-monopoly-go-no-verification
https://www.cake.me/monopoly-go-1000-free-dice
https://www.cake.me/me/monopoly-go-1000-free-dice
https://www.facebook.com/events/549654974294958/
https://www.facebook.com/freediceonmonopolygo/
https://www.facebook.com/freespinscoinmasters/
https://www.cake.me/me/1000-free-dice-monopoly-go-no-verification
https://web.facebook.com/allfreedicemonopoly/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/sugar-defender-reviews-2024-a-warning-alert-from-an-honest-analytical-expert-ingredients-benefits-experiences-49.65173/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/remote-part-time-social-media-jobs-unlock-flexible-opportunities.65315/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/exclusive-sugar-defender-reviews-a-word-of-caution-from-an-honest-critical-customer-49.65196/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/the-genius-wave-comprehensive-reviews-my-honest-review-take-on-this-supplement.65208/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/tricks-prodentim-reviews-2024-my-honest-review-take-on-this-supplement.65233/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/latest-puravive-comprehensive-reviews-2024-my-honest-review-take-on-this-supplement.65242/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/comprehensive-reviews-how-to-get-free-monopoly-go-dice-quick-easy-tips.65263/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/comprehensive-50-free-dice-on-monopoly-go-android-unveil-secrets.65272/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/update-dice-dreams-1000-free-rolls-generator-unlock-endless-fun-today.65293/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/top-monopoly-go-1000-dice-hack-generator-no-verification.65334/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/calculator-1000-free-monopoly-go-dice-generator-no-verification.65344/
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/exclusive1000-free-dice-monopoly-go-verification-oskfc
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/monopoly-go-1000-free-dice-no-verification.65943/
https://github.com/nmia5663/super-cheats-monopoly-go-free-dice
https://github.com/topics/how-to-get-free-dice-monopoly-go
https://www.instagram.com/monopoly_go_dice_super_cheats
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/rolls50pc50-free-dice-monopoly-go-android-verification-yt70c
https://monopolygofreedicenoverification.quora.com/
https://www.facebook.com/freediceonmonopolygo/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/exclusive-50-free-dice-on-monopoly-go-ios-android.66085/
https://www.cake.me/1000-free-dice-monopoly-go-no-verification
https://www.cake.me/monopoly-go-1000-free-dice
https://www.cake.me/me/monopoly-go-1000-free-dice
https://www.facebook.com/events/549654974294958/
https://www.facebook.com/freediceonmonopolygo/
https://www.facebook.com/freespinscoinmasters/
https://www.cake.me/me/1000-free-dice-monopoly-go-no-verification
https://web.facebook.com/allfreedicemonopoly/
https://www.facebook.com/HempsmartCBDGummiesSuperAustralia/
Hempsmart CBD Gummies have captured the attention of many users seeking natural alternatives for health and wellness. These gummies are primarily noted for their convenience and potential range of therapeutic benefits.
https://www.facebook.com/HempsmartCBDGummiesSuperAustralia/
https://sites.google.com/view/hempsmartcbdgummiesnowau/
https://sites.google.com/view/hempsmartcbdgummiessuperau/
https://groups.google.com/g/hempsmart-cbd-gummies-super-australia/c/wNVGAk2HrXw
https://groups.google.com/g/hempsmart-cbd-gummies-super-australia/c/ShvSeZTMvpQ
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/hempsmartcbdgummiessuperau
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/hempsmart.cbd.gummies.au
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/hempsmartcbdgummiesnowau
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/hempsmartcbdgummiesbuyau
https://www.facebook.com/HempsmartCBDGummiesSuperAustralia/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/hempsmart-cbd-gummies-australia-unlock-tranquility-with-every-bite-try-our-cbd-gummies-today.65945/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/hempsmart-cbd-gummies-australia-your-daily-dose-of-calmness-explore-our-premium-cbd-gummies.65957/
https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/hempsmart-cbd-gummies-australia-find-your-balance-cbd-gummies-for-stress-and-relaxation.65973/
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/k2.life.cbd.gummies.us
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/k2lifecbdgummiesus
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/k2lifecbdgummiesbrandsus
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/k2lifecbdgummiesliveus
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/neurogancbdgummieusa
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/neurogancbdgummiesbrandsus
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/neurogancbdgummiesliveusa
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/neurogancbdgummiesusa
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/bluevibecbdgummiesusa
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/bluevibecbdgummiesbrandsus
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/bluevibecbdgummiesus
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/reakirocbdgummiesbrandsuk
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/reakirocbdgummiesuk
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/reakirocbdgummiesliveuk
https://www.facebook.com/ManupGummiesReviewsSuperSouthAfrica/
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/manupgummiesreviewsza
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/manupgummiesreviewssuperza
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/manupgummiesreviewsofficialza
https://www.facebook.com/VitalDynamicsMaleEnhancementGummiesOfficialUS/
https://www.facebook.com/AlphaLabsCBDGummiesSuperUS/
https://www.facebook.com/ThePhoenixEDDeviceUsa/
https://www.facebook.com/NouraKetoGummiessuperusa/
https://www.facebook.com/NouraKetoGummiessuperus/
https://www.facebook.com/KeskaraMaleEnhancementOfficialus/
https://www.facebook.com/ManhoodPlusGummiesOfficialUK/
https://www.facebook.com/VitalSurgeMeGummiesSuperusa/
https://www.facebook.com/HerpafendReviewsHealthUSA/
https://www.facebook.com/events/1244945009858893
https://www.facebook.com/LibonexGummiesAustriaDe/
https://www.facebook.com/ManUpGummiesSuperAustralia/
https://www.facebook.com/TetrablissCBDBloodUSA/
https://www.facebook.com/VitalSurgeGummiesSuperus/
https://www.facebook.com/PrimalXMeGummieSuperUS/
https://www.facebook.com/MaxVigorPulseBrands
https://www.facebook.com/events/1650679965775683/
https://www.facebook.com/events/1237606454322592/
https://www.facebook.com/PainlessCBDOil3000Usa/
https://www.facebook.com/The.Phoenix.Ed.Device/
https://www.facebook.com/events/458891463805747/
https://www.facebook.com/TitanBoostMaleEnhancementSuperus/
Leave a comment