Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/8b4aae2b-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/3178ab31-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/eb61cc3f-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/b931ce45-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/effa3552-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/8efedcf5-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/bb2bb041-b178-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/5f868362-b178-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/3930a865-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/fb88086e-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/0eca2a7b-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/09dd1382-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/e0800f8f-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/d32028ca-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/628ac7e0-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/47261deb-b078-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/a2c5fa15-b578-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/42798024-b578-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/83982831-b578-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/77e41f5f-b578-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/6282616b-b578-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/b3e1e674-b578-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/5cb262a3-b578-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/324d3ad7-b578-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/1a83b9f0-b578-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/733a22ff-b578-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/218b396d-b678-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/793c4285-b678-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/b4ecc49b-b678-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/dae5f8a8-b678-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/44287bc6-b678-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/46ca32cf-b678-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/df90f6d7-b678-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/c9a148e2-b678-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/5ae56cee-b678-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/e8ec43fc-b678-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/56c6b909-b778-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/9c2ee711-b778-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/1980901a-b778-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://eawtechportal.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/64f94326-b778-ef11-a4e6-000d3a34040c
https://community.goldencorral.com/members/status/show?id=28920604%3AStatus%3A11984340
https://network.propertyweek.com/members/status/show?id=28920584%3AStatus%3A352901
https://cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/members/status/show?id=28920644%3AStatus%3A2877292
https://wokwi.com/projects/409729268556103681
https://smartsnack.cl/en/blogs/news/beneficios-de-dejar-el-azucar-y-tips-para-lograrlo?comment=137135292594#comments
https://convertopm.hashnode.dev/rest-of-the-world-will-go-to-the-hell
https://pastelink.net/1w5r2mxc
https://snippet.host/fzgcwe
https://rentry.co/dgi93zhr
https://www.lomarfarms.com/blogs/news/people?comment=136527282481#comments
https://paste.myst.rs/4rscj1qu
https://paste.ee/p/PlvOq
https://glot.io/snippets/h068p9txjr
https://hackmd.io/@happinessinlife/Bka0RYa6R
https://www.pastery.net/wnxdss/
https://paiza.io/projects/22el5yx_hSfaoes1Ex5hhg?language=php
https://telegra.ph/rest-of-the-world-will-go-to-the-hell-09-22
https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/convertopm/diary/202409220000/
https://paste.enginehub.org/ry5cLSi_l
https://paste.laravel.io/d76d437d-a973-4acf-b59b-74c4b9c8f9d3
https://ivpaste.com/v/9BU0eNEiOs
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/123ee477
https://paste.rs/G73D6.txt
https://paste.vpsfree.cz/ob2MMDnW
https://tiny-paste.com/139446/
https://sebsauvage.net/paste/?30f11f211bbf5794#q9I59+p+Cc6tQq7tGXmYXQxY/a+TnyQOpHWi+bmX3V0=
https://paste2.org/smf1dL6c
https://muckrack.com/mushkil-hojani/bio
http://aldenfamilydentistry.com/UserProfile/tabid/57/userId/909754/Default.aspx
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/145448-rest-of-the-world-will-go-to-the-hell
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122130984308942836&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122130983942942836&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122130983846942836&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122130983744942836&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122130986030942836&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122130986006942836&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122130985988942836&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122130985982942836&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145708692874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145708668874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145708662874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145708386874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145709742874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145709610874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145709496874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145709406874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145708692874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145708668874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145708662874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145708386874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145710972874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145710846874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145710738874036&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122145710630874036&type=3
https://laylo.com/vzajetidemonu4posledniritualy/mNBtBFMM/
https://laylo.com/vzajetidemonu4posledniritualy/loqJBBtU
https://laylo.com/vzajetidemonu4posledniritualy/uSIpHuMa
https://laylo.com/vzajetidemonu4posledniritualy/IDE9LgBe
https://laylo.com/vzajetidemonu4posledniritualy/kidsnYqR
https://laylo.com/dlouhypochod/bbch3BmU
https://laylo.com/dlouhypochod/PQVkl3gY
https://laylo.com/dlouhypochod/IDUvpwu7
https://laylo.com/dlouhypochod/82UcmLMs
https://laylo.com/dlouhypochod/xNONGdYH
https://laylo.com/demonslayerkimetsunoyaiba/kgUlZQZX
https://laylo.com/demonslayerkimetsunoyaiba/IWzZkF23
https://laylo.com/demonslayerkimetsunoyaiba/t4Vmvc2B
https://laylo.com/demonslayerkimetsunoyaiba/ARX5h0vi
https://laylo.com/demonslayerkimetsunoyaiba/EAQVr57m
https://laylo.com/srnky/wXUIfpRt
https://laylo.com/srnky/isO3tuwI
https://laylo.com/srnky/M9AF9Thv
https://laylo.com/srnky/pQcAPLku
https://laylo.com/srnky/YWG7NIDi
https://laylo.com/heidi-die-legende-vom-luchs/OD5yCfTT
https://laylo.com/heidi-die-legende-vom-luchs/gIXUx0ty
https://laylo.com/heidi-die-legende-vom-luchs/h3qlesA3
https://laylo.com/heidi-die-legende-vom-luchs/c9EpLILF
https://laylo.com/heidi-die-legende-vom-luchs/QLp0hD3s
https://laylo.com/13dni13noci/tmXrfGDb
https://laylo.com/13dni13noci/EKhzlYsZ
https://laylo.com/13dni13noci/48uVsAGw
https://laylo.com/13dni13noci/x9VczZkM
https://laylo.com/13dni13noci/r4IgzIQ0
https://laylo.com/panstvidownton/5vEHkVVv
https://laylo.com/panstvidownton/qiqUJlaC
https://laylo.com/panstvidownton/8eIb3u66
https://laylo.com/panstvidownton/TEc1EtXC
https://laylo.com/panstvidownton/JvcN0tEK
https://laylo.com/dzob/Yz2Y0pWE
https://laylo.com/dzob/pFSFiBsT
https://laylo.com/dzob/RPdaj4eX
https://laylo.com/dzob/KcweH99n
https://laylo.com/dzob/9Rlv2eC2
https://laylo.com/vysehrad-dvje/y68429lm
https://laylo.com/vysehrad-dvje/i3KQB3oE
https://laylo.com/vysehrad-dvje/jcEx8RJM
https://laylo.com/vysehrad-dvje/V7nj1tGR
https://laylo.com/vysehrad-dvje/CkH2PzU1
https://laylo.com/sbormistr/8lO0jIya
https://laylo.com/sbormistr/ePo4xn0K
https://laylo.com/sbormistr/62iLwER5
https://laylo.com/sbormistr/OhdeJ39A
https://laylo.com/sbormistr/cry3eJoG
https://laylo.com/wednesday-season2/MvQpNQYf
https://laylo.com/wednesday-season2/8DtEk03a
https://laylo.com/wednesday-season2/yJw18vVU
https://laylo.com/wednesday-season2/FzZ8NzAk
https://laylo.com/wednesday-season2/05JsyUJT
https://laylo.com/splitsville/gWwOyiHs
https://laylo.com/splitsville/CyDDg54l
https://laylo.com/splitsville/hSO4hxQu
https://laylo.com/splitsville/WxvwhrBF
https://laylo.com/splitsville/lVDhvt2I
https://laylo.com/nebezpecna-zvirata/Bzw6KUOA
https://laylo.com/nebezpecna-zvirata/GvSgE1AH
https://laylo.com/nebezpecna-zvirata/ovm6JTQd
https://laylo.com/nebezpecna-zvirata/3Qck5iFe
https://laylo.com/nebezpecna-zvirata/i60Dr7OW
https://band.link/UaCdm
https://band.link/1iAx3
https://band.link/LfvGR
https://band.link/74kWs
https://band.link/dHvT8
https://band.link/GV5mi
.
https://band.link/cXywU
https://band.link/SXB5C
https://band.link/BLqme
https://band.link/IK323
https://band.link/RRj1V
https://band.link/V3qY2
.
https://band.link/myZZi
https://band.link/NMRT2
https://band.link/8PXKl
https://band.link/gs1rz
https://band.link/Rvpqe
https://band.link/eCHJl
.
https://band.link/DUGWo
https://band.link/Y90dY
https://band.link/pn2w6
https://band.link/dDc3f
https://band.link/I7d0o
https://band.link/w48k6
13/9/25
https://band.link/jMPnv
https://band.link/0OOCC
https://band.link/TJLwX
https://band.link/KznaA
https://band.link/Ajfb8
https://band.link/kKC43
.
https://band.link/qeDlB
https://band.link/VT88s
https://band.link/Ks1Gw
https://band.link/SxPt1
https://band.link/yM1wY
https://band.link/PupD7
.
https://band.link/jmYe8
https://band.link/4QrSv
https://band.link/FozCl
https://band.link/o706e
https://band.link/CtqqI
https://band.link/JQ6tE
.
https://band.link/Dvhl8
https://band.link/RNceB
https://band.link/TTQmc
https://band.link/I7KtV
https://band.link/dFcvS
https://band.link/UZVi4
https://laylo.com/primitivewar/uYXBGoel
https://laylo.com/primitivewar/EtvfvaNa
https://laylo.com/primitivewar/wHWeHOL5
https://laylo.com/primitivewar/cmnktpsR
https://laylo.com/primitivewar/67gHpBLV
https://laylo.com/denstyggestesosteren/ee3pbGc1
https://laylo.com/denstyggestesosteren/8rmtsmUa
https://laylo.com/denstyggestesosteren/Gp6LCaJs
https://laylo.com/denstyggestesosteren/ogmyACCj
https://laylo.com/denstyggestesosteren/FOkk3zSO
https://laylo.com/demonslayer/1N8za9Zm
https://laylo.com/demonslayer/i9IzTp0X
https://laylo.com/demonslayer/aYf02pxJ
https://laylo.com/demonslayer/VxYKyfzP
https://laylo.com/demonslayer/VxYKyfzP
https://laylo.com/theconjuringlastrites/HprGOQp5
https://laylo.com/theconjuringlastrites/Ay0dgH9z
https://laylo.com/theconjuringlastrites/CvcXihfU
https://laylo.com/theconjuringlastrites/aVZGs55I
https://laylo.com/theconjuringlastrites/cBXzyzCo
https://laylo.com/thelongwalk/QY4NRDFF
https://laylo.com/thelongwalk/dfq9n1Ar
https://laylo.com/thelongwalk/KpTvOy50
https://laylo.com/thelongwalk/dNFR1LyP
https://laylo.com/thelongwalk/OC2d7VSt
https://laylo.com/honeydont/kSWGXCYs
https://laylo.com/honeydont/9WVKZtbe
https://laylo.com/honeydont/HidUpnkD
https://laylo.com/honeydont/T4AK6AH7
https://laylo.com/honeydont/czLbZpOA
https://laylo.com/amulherquemorreudepe/4tegZE2D
https://laylo.com/amulherquemorreudepe/vzCbBlPZ
https://laylo.com/amulherquemorreudepe/yFTUs7Cd
https://laylo.com/amulherquemorreudepe/atwrcG6a
https://laylo.com/amulherquemorreudepe/hwjTXQ6U
https://laylo.com/superman/EXQdNJO2
https://laylo.com/superman/H8K8Tpgb
https://laylo.com/superman/Es1P8TTl
https://laylo.com/superman/cySj8FlX
https://laylo.com/superman/Fl2wNfDw
https://laylo.com/f1/PUNreTGw
https://laylo.com/f1/plo8cjPJ
https://laylo.com/f1/PBeyIsTQ
https://laylo.com/f1/bzfVF6ol
https://laylo.com/f1/9tcJMFrX
https://laylo.com/oquartetofantastico/3bHx3lSz
https://laylo.com/oquartetofantastico/pTK1S2wK
https://laylo.com/oquartetofantastico/LXfZweF4
https://laylo.com/oquartetofantastico/k1ZJNcvm
https://laylo.com/oquartetofantastico/w87IqZN3
https://laylo.com/thebadguys2/j1ePjPmy
https://laylo.com/thebadguys2/C7V8UYLq
https://laylo.com/thebadguys2/z1380Uyh
https://laylo.com/thebadguys2/DnlDXBhA
https://laylo.com/thebadguys2/OG3EXOD0
https://laylo.com/demon-slayer/0XAAxWIF
https://laylo.com/demon-slayer/x6bYWNhg
https://laylo.com/demon-slayer/14LEQz33
https://laylo.com/demon-slayer/1kKOmZM9
https://laylo.com/demon-slayer/uZiiwzKp
https://laylo.com/thelongwalk-odesafio/ajVaBCyw
https://laylo.com/thelongwalk-odesafio/duTSeG7t
https://laylo.com/thelongwalk-odesafio/bWYUE8Gx
https://laylo.com/thelongwalk-odesafio/avXwxRfW
https://laylo.com/thelongwalk-odesafio/nO3l3Wod
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109111022
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109107840
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109168895
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109118814
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109125095
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109128563
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109116998
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109116735
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109158070
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109122510
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109123368
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109101616
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109112315
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109101612
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109122518
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109163493
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109128549
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109163496
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109119560
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109357253
Leave a comment