Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://pelisplus.outgrow.us/pelisplus-5
https://pelisplus.outgrow.us/pelisplus-7
https://pelisplus.outgrow.us/pelisplus-9
https://repellis24.outgrow.us/repellis24-2
https://repellis24.outgrow.us/repellis24-4
https://repellis24.outgrow.us/repellis24-6
https://repellis24.outgrow.us/repellis24-8
https://123movies.outgrow.us/123movies-2
https://123movies.outgrow.us/123movies-4
https://123movies.outgrow.us/123movies-6
https://netflix366.outgrow.us/netflix366-2
https://netflix366.outgrow.us/netflix366-4
https://netflix366.outgrow.us/netflix366-6
https://deadpoolwolverin.outgrow.us/deadpoolwolverin-2
https://transformersone.outgrow.us/transformersone-2
https://beetlejuice2.outgrow.us/beetlejuice2-2
https://amiracist.outgrow.us/amiracist-2
https://thesubstance.outgrow.us/thesubstance-2
https://speaknoevil.outgrow.us/speaknoevil-2
https://subservience.outgrow.us/subservience-2
https://www.akcie.cz/nazor?ID_TEMA=336&ID_NAZOR=394451#sel
https://pastelink.net/v0eerpdz
https://www.pastery.net/ynefja/
https://web.stanford.edu/group/spanlab/cgi-bin/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:Twetwertw45#efefe
http://clan-banderos.de/web/index.php?site=profile&id=1&action=guestbook
https://www.guestbook-free.com/books2/dieterbohlen/
https://asmao.hashnode.dev/vrttrtrgtrg
https://www.wilkinswalk.com/blogs/blogger/nike-air-vapormax?comment=133426053284#comments
http://www.limesucks.com/thread_category/general/
https://postheaven.net/4sv8y8sux5
http://myhappiness.dinstudio.se/guest_11.html
http://paste.jp/8c7ca4ec/
https://yamcode.com/untitled-103243
https://paiza.io/projects/MWo3x1r93F1yiJgeKBA6Qg
https://pastebin.com/N9zKiTAz
https://snippet.host/tvjpzm
https://rentry.co/cgouonse
http://paste.jp/8c7ca4ec/
https://sebsauvage.net/paste/
https://ctxt.io/2/AAC4WBVUEQ
https://pastecode.io/s/qgaboyxo
https://homment.com/fYWZlEOVYw45PXLC7tAv
https://bitbin.it/R4si2InW/
https://bitbin.it/R4si2InW/raw/
https://www.taptap.io/post/8194615
https://jsfiddle.net/z9tgpa26/
https://issuu.com/amirah123/stacks
https://etextpad.com/mwtyabxfbo
https://rextester.com/XHYA57377
https://justpaste.it/9f97l
https://glot.io/snippets/h034mk7cq9
https://tech.io/snippet/Abb3dRv
https://jsitor.com/aNZJhKtQaj
https://www.wowace.com/paste/6c796380
https://paste.toolforge.org/view/ccf01f96
https://paste.myst.rs/ko97maon
https://matters.town/a/jq06c19r1cu3
https://www.bihann.com/cast/443.html
https://communicators.ncsu.edu/
https://community.goldencorral.com/
https://community.thoracic.org/
https://network.propertyweek.com/
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/6878/rgbgrrrg
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/9524/dveegee
https://nodebb.klangknecht.com/topic/3111/rerbb
https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/10154/rgeerher
https://forum.instube.com/d/140901-fbrbrbr
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/143265-bfbfb
https://www.homerev.com/blogs/home-revolution/how-often-should-i-wash-my-reusable-coffee-mug?comment=135440597245#comments
https://vietnamtrade-forum.com/threads/uyjjuyjuyj.18445/
https://smmwebforum.com/threads/thtrht.20649/
http://www.fellnasen-service.de/index.php?thread/249866-hhtjhtj/
https://chobaolam.vn/threads/ggththth.552997/
http://forum.dnpsolpol.ru/threads/ergrtgtrg.6742/
https://www.lifesshortlivefree.com/community/off-topic/rf4454/
https://www.dotandlil.com/blogs/blog/77012548-now-in-stock-vintage-honey-tins-maintenant-disponibles-pots-de-miel-vintage?comment=134329860375#comments
https://socialmphl.com/story19696709/stream-free-movies-tv-shows
https://prbookmarkingwebsites.com/story20192489/stream-free-movies-tv-shows
https://https://www.selbstbesaiter.com/g%C3%A4stebuch/cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/
https://bitbucket.org/santuy213/workspace/snippets/eq8KAr
https://forum.woimortal.com/forum/community/discussions/51873-ddsvdsdvd
https://haftahavit.com/blogs/news/so-simple-gifts-for-everyone?comment=134927319338#comments
https://www.baristaswag.com/blogs/news/free-pour-latte-art-coffee-art?comment=138071736422#comments
https://tagzfoods.com/blogs/news/tagz-why?comment=134124241136#comments
http://www.ks-welldental.com/well/bbs/board.php?bo_table=daily&wr_id=5&&page=1&#c_132
https://www.bankier.pl/forum/wiadomosc-zapisana?
https://ca.gleener.com/blogs/news/how-to-keep-your-workspace-working-for-you?comment=132506812474#comments
http://www.hartmanice.cz/en/vlozit-komentar/
https://bryantsmeat.com/blogs/recipes/sausage-gumbo?comment=127816302777#comments
https://www.cantiqla.com/blogs/news/cantiq-anniversary-party?comment=132930044013#comments
https://smartsnack.cl/blogs/news/beneficios-de-dejar-el-azucar-y-tips-para-lograrlo?comment=137125789874#comments
https://dangtinvantai.com/threads/hynhnjthht.49263/
https://www.allthebabies.co/blogs/news/mom-to-mom-with-valerie?comment=134124306672#comments
https://smmwebforum.com/threads/trgr.20655/
http://www.convio.com/
https://medicine.ju.edu.jo/lists/confreg/allitems.aspx?paged=true&pagedprev=true&p_id=79748&pagefirstrow=3740&&view=%7B02ed05f7-bda9-44ef-bf5f-c25827d57ed8%7D
post_id=68242307&obs=&emal=&st=1&thread_id=
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/am-i-racist-2024-full-movi𝚎-online-free-on-english/topicid-3620126062575616/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/watch-beetlejuice-2-full-on-123movies/topicId-3620315588493313/
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/s7eWDa2ESrI
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/la6b_1REBEM
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/u_t3RGt84Nc
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/i-0s5rorbGo
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/iCji5GUrcl0
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/i9Otn7GI4EU
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/jfzV0rPlnwQ
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/hYnXvc43N6Y
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/tg3Ave3tT7g
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/uZtlZ-QsIZg
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/s__kiev6qTU
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/vmd5QVNF_Ek
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/oF3jwj9damg
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/oWR0lTHyJTw
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/sanvXxs5Vlg
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/leI_78N4akQ
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/qiJeGhudJNI
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/tga9msBws_Y
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-dabing-hd.3160295/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-online-zdarma.3160314/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-dabing-i-titulky.3160349/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-dabing.3160361/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-dabing-i-titulky.3160368/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-online-cz-sk-dabing.3160379/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-2024-cely-film-cz-sk-a-zdarma.3160395/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-sk-a-zdarma.3160407/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-a-zdarma-dabing.3160415/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-2024-cely-film-cz-sk-hd.3160440/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-filmy-cz-dabing-i-titulky.3160449/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-a-zdarma.3160459/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-sk-dabing.3160470/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-sk.3160484/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cly-fim-zdrma-cz-dabng-i-ttuly.3160492/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cly-fim-onine-zdrma-cz-dabng.3160499/
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls548926788/
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls548926117/
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls548926120/
https://github.com/Marceng-linio
https://github.com/Aceng-lino
https://github.com/Acelino-cenk
https://bento.me/red-one-thaisub
https://bento.me/death-whisperer-2-thaisub
https://bento.me/dangerous-boys-2-thaisub
https://bento.me/malee-thaisub
https://bento.me/venom-the-last-dance-thaisub
https://bento.me/the-wild-robot-thaisub
https://bento.me/smile-2-thaisub
https://bento.me/wicked-thaisub
https://bento.me/404-run-run-thaisub
https://bento.me/sana-let-me-hear-thaisub
https://bento.me/xem-phim-venom-keo-cuoi-2024-vietsub
https://bento.me/xem-phim-tee-yod-quy-an-tang-2-2024-full-hd-vietsub-tuyen-mien-phi
https://bento.me/xem-phim-lat-mat-7-mot-ieu-uoc-2024-full-hd-vietsub-tuyen-mien-phi
https://tinhte.vn/profile/cuevana-3-ver-la-sustancia-2024-online-gratis.3159420/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/pelisflixver-terrifier-3-pelicula-completa.3159472/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/ver-terrifier-3-2024-pelicula-completa-hd-online.3159493/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/pelisplus-ver-robot-salvaje-online-en-espanol.3159520/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/pelisplus-ver-robot-salvaje-2024-en-espanol-gratis.3159542/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/gladiator-2-pelicula-completa-online-en-espanol.3159567/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/gladiator-2-pelicula-completa-en-espanol-y-latino.3159606/
https://alessa-martina.hashnode.dev/understanding-cables-types-functions-and-uses
https://medium.com/@mr.oldif/understanding-cables-types-functions-and-uses-0bc400953ce5
https://factsplat.com/users/a8136ddd-8f36-4637-b3da-1c665e9f5cc1
https://open.firstory.me/story/cm3tr6cta080101v6gskbbevq
https://www.quickpostads.com/business-opportunities_2/work-from-home/anna-milan_i422930
https://fivedollarclassifieds.com/business-opportunities_2/general/anna-milan_i80411
https://about.me/annamilan
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-dabing-hd.3160295/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-online-zdarma.3160314/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-dabing-i-titulky.3160349/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-dabing.3160361/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-dabing-i-titulky.3160368/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-online-cz-sk-dabing.3160379/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-2024-cely-film-cz-sk-a-zdarma.3160395/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-sk-a-zdarma.3160407/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-a-zdarma-dabing.3160415/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-2024-cely-film-cz-sk-hd.3160440/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-filmy-cz-dabing-i-titulky.3160449/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-a-zdarma.3160459/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-sk-dabing.3160470/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-sk.3160484/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cly-fim-zdrma-cz-dabng-i-ttuly.3160492/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cly-fim-onine-zdrma-cz-dabng.3160499/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-dabing-hd.3160295/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-online-zdarma.3160314/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-dabing-i-titulky.3160349/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-dabing.3160361/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-dabing-i-titulky.3160368/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-online-cz-sk-dabing.3160379/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-2024-cely-film-cz-sk-a-zdarma.3160395/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-sk-a-zdarma.3160407/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-a-zdarma-dabing.3160415/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-2024-cely-film-cz-sk-hd.3160440/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-filmy-cz-dabing-i-titulky.3160449/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-a-zdarma.3160459/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-sk-dabing.3160470/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-sk.3160484/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cly-fim-zdrma-cz-dabng-i-ttuly.3160492/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/odvazna-vaiana-2-cly-fim-onine-zdrma-cz-dabng.3160499/
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/venWnQXKEzI
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/qJiIKeIm5bw
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/iF9kdXukEv4
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/l-mdlZ85GjI
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/iD4BoNW-w5U
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/lTM7OaABhU8
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/iemlNmdoqF0
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/oObXEOcOc-Q
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/vli8KJYMtVk
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/nDllMblj56k
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/qZnPN1dbdAk
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/jBsszXSrwmc
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/grDma2elVNQ
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/g2yGmTtTAyM
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/qF-rQbaBBmk
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/mzUB0iGpYRA
Leave a comment