sustainability · 5458 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

5459 comments

Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!

  • rjrywjrywj

    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Beetlejuice-Beetlejuice-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/l-ancienne-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Tatami-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/son-image-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Une-vie-r-v-e-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/The-Greatest-of-All-Time-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/La-Partition-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Mi-bestia-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/DAN-DA-DAN-First-Encounter-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Les-Naufrag-s-de-l-le-de-la-Tortue-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Du-c-t-d-Orou-t-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Adieu-Philippine-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Maine-Oc-an-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/We-Blew-It-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Le-Fil-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Le-proc-s-du-chien-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Langue-trang-re-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Silex-and-the-City-le-film-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Le-L-opard-des-neiges-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Johnny-s-en-va-t-en-guerre-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Alienoid-L-Affrontement-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/F-l-s-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/L-I-A-du-mal-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Le-Dernier-bus-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/M-m-dans-les-orties-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Blink-Twice-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Emilia-P-rez-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/The-Crow-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Golo-et-Ritchie-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Le-Roman-de-Jim-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Jamais-Plus-It-Ends-With-Us-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Alien-Romulus-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Mon-ami-le-petit-manchot-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Petit-Panda-en-Afrique-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Super-Papa-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Trap-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Borderlands-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Garfield-H-ros-malgr-lui-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Largo-Winch-Le-Prix-de-l-Argent-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier
    https://streamingvfentier.outgrow.us/Deadpool-Wolverine-2024-en-Streaming-VF-Entier

    https://namelessmc.com/forum/topic/9172-teukteuktuektuektuek/
    https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/5118/yrlylyyrilyirlryilyrilyi
    https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/fe140112bcf8a3dda93fed70a845f9014826508600479bdc184322cf6b70b005
    https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/4445/teukteuktuekteuktuek
    https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/3535/teketktekteuktku
    https://toirscript.com/topic/3648/tektektekteukekt
    https://forum.realdigital.org/d/81290-etuktekteuktuk
    https://forum.instube.com/d/132045-wryjrwyjwryjwryj
    http://opensource.platon.org/forum/projects/viewtopic.php?p=12650374#12650374
    https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/etkteketketketk.482892/
    https://forum.gamestategames.com/d/5596-etktekuetuketuk
    https://diendannhansu.com/threads/rywjryjrwyjrywjrwyj.544695/
    https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/122137-rywjrwrwyjrwyjrywj
    http://www.limesucks.com/thread/tektuktektkuteuk/
    https://www.ofurea.com/forum/thread/3282/tktekteuktektuek/
    https://www.snibc.co.uk/fusion/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=10484
    https://kitemunity.com/forums/topic/8619/wrjrwyjryjwryjrwyrwyj/view/post_id/93630
    https://www.yeuthucung.com/threads/rwjwryrwyjrwyjrwyj.502670/
    https://www.tadalive.com/forum/thread/54227/wrjrwyjrwyjrwyjrywjr/
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/132315-tekteukteukteuteuk
    https://doc.clickup.com/9018117031/p/h/8crb2x7-4598/628dcea9933ac41
    https://www.surveyking.com/survey/5415
    http://taylorhicks.ning.com/photo/albums/wryjrjrywj
    http://playit4ward-sanantonio.ning.com/photo/albums/rwyjrwyjrwyjryjwjryw

    https://sharetext.me/duejjqxqmr
    https://tiny-paste.com/138926/
    https://paste.myst.rs/fs1mfx2z
    https://ivpaste.com/v/ocC7iiRo42
    https://paste.thezomg.com/221218/58648841/
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/b0524d6e
    https://onlinegdb.com/Yr8HJXekb
    https://bitbin.it/fL50AegO/
    https://tempel.in/view/GSYiE
    https://paiza.io/projects/RF93KTHSsLPxQY9ev_-Vdw
    https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/7a35da0f
    https://pastebin.com/2a2qC9Rh
    https://paste.chapril.org/?429e5263805e78b4#CW2LQvYDB7wiwDtPbFvKPzZNALg7j36GZbL9kwZwns9i
    https://paste.ofcode.org/yUmznNfRMvVTrS4XFR6KH8
    https://paste.centos.org/view/842e5034
    https://snippet.host/cxkgkh
    https://jsfiddle.net/hdj9u7g0/
    https://paste.laravel.io/b92bbae2-63f3-4a81-adea-8b8a450cb058
    https://notes.io/w1rEx
    http://nopaste.ceske-hry.cz/411878
    http://ben-kiki.org/ypaste/data/113704/index.html
    https://jsbin.com/cuqajizitu
    https://www.posteezy.com/wrjrywjryjryjry
    https://rentry.co/a8oc2vif
    https://anotepad.com/notes/8xei4636

  • cdgd

    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/k3wXhmqHz3I
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/lPWut5v7KLo
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/iJTV-_6ljXg
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/tnIxSJjRfEM
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/jLxo9eVhyeA
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/q5SOedPoTvk
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/qGDGlCLLpJo
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/sWniB9tZ1yI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/rdDCNw9Mapk
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/nqHyscuyOuE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/mI8YHRCcwiM
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/pFe9qS-etGU
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/mQSlUJUmEh0
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/n3dc3rI6bF4
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/v9I8eYgiuKc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/pDCCm0MHSb0
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/vc9w6mLoXsE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/jGkfK80XwUs
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/lHszx4ovgBM
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/n86qTB2Kz-I

  • cdgd

    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/iz6kbqUp9Jw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/k60xH3FRzI8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/mnVpxrP3cgA
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/gwO7zOCuL30
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/gpXv0wFkFWc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/k82thFdr1VU
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/sHB6LPksXUk
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/nUd-7GwzYhI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/vC5_eF8kZl0
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/ikC5pufAByY
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/hGOJnXFnTXc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/kQ2QCwa2SGQ
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/t9F6RVaV8tI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/gRmt5-o-7Kw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/lxGsxRjk-Dg
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/qdzGX6Jp7qY
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/rlIak-TfIoA
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/mcwlTZMXthU
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/kTdWL417e9Q
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/q7aUmOH_z7w

  • cdgd

    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/iz6kbqUp9Jw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/k60xH3FRzI8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/mnVpxrP3cgA
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/gwO7zOCuL30
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/gpXv0wFkFWc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/k82thFdr1VU
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/sHB6LPksXUk
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/nUd-7GwzYhI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/vC5_eF8kZl0
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/ikC5pufAByY
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/hGOJnXFnTXc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/kQ2QCwa2SGQ
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/t9F6RVaV8tI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/gRmt5-o-7Kw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/lxGsxRjk-Dg
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/qdzGX6Jp7qY
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/rlIak-TfIoA
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/mcwlTZMXthU
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/kTdWL417e9Q
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/q7aUmOH_z7w

  • dfefrsf

    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-2024-full-%F0%9D%99%BC%F0%9D%9A%98%F0%9D%9A%9F%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%8E-yts-yify-%F0%9D%99%BC%F0%9D%9A%98%F0%9D%9A%9F%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%8Es-torr%F0%9D%9A%8Ent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-ava%F0%9D%9A%92lable-n%F0%9D%9A%98w/thread/forum/696/thread_id/50419/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-%F0%9D%9A%86%F0%9D%9A%8A%F0%9D%9A%9D%F0%9D%9A%8C%F0%9D%9A%91-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-%F0%9D%9F%B8%F0%9D%9F%B6%F0%9D%9F%B8%F0%9D%9F%BA-%F0%9D%99%B5%F0%9D%9A%9E%F0%9D%9A%95%F0%9D%99%BB%F0%9D%99%BC%F0%9D%9A%98%F0%9D%9A%9F%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%8E-yts-torr%F0%9D%9A%8Ent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-%F0%9D%99%BC%F0%9D%9A%98%F0%9D%9A%9F%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%8Es-available-now/thread/forum/696/thread_id/50452/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-123%F0%9D%99%BC%F0%9D%9A%98%F0%9D%9A%9F%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%8Es-%F0%9D%9A%86%F0%9D%9A%8A%F0%9D%9A%9D%F0%9D%9A%8C%F0%9D%9A%91-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-%F0%9D%9F%B8%F0%9D%9F%B6%F0%9D%9F%B8%F0%9D%9F%BA-%F0%9D%99%B5%F0%9D%9A%9E%F0%9D%9A%95%F0%9D%99%BB-%F0%9D%99%BC%F0%9D%9A%98%F0%9D%9A%9F%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%8E-%F0%9D%99%BE%F0%9D%9A%97%F0%9D%9A%95%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%97%F0%9D%9A%8E-%F0%9D%99%B5%F0%9D%9A%9B%F0%9D%9A%8E%F0%9D%9A%8E-on-english/thread/forum/696/thread_id/50467/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-watch-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-2024-fullmovie-online-on-english/thread/forum/696/thread_id/50479/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-watch-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-2024-fullmovie-online-on-english/thread/forum/696/thread_id/50493/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-123%F0%9D%99%BC%F0%9D%9A%98%F0%9D%9A%9F%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%8Es-%F0%9D%9A%86%F0%9D%9A%8A%F0%9D%9A%9D%F0%9D%9A%8C%F0%9D%9A%91-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-%F0%9D%9F%B8%F0%9D%9F%B6%F0%9D%9F%B8%F0%9D%9F%BA-%F0%9D%99%B5%F0%9D%9A%9E%F0%9D%9A%95%F0%9D%99%BB-%F0%9D%99%BC%F0%9D%9A%98%F0%9D%9A%9F%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%8E-%F0%9D%99%BE%F0%9D%9A%97%F0%9D%9A%95%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%97%F0%9D%9A%8E-%F0%9D%99%B5%F0%9D%9A%9B%F0%9D%9A%8E%F0%9D%9A%8E-on-strea%F0%9D%9A%96ing/thread/forum/696/thread_id/50509/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-watch-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-2024-full-mov%F0%9D%9A%92e-onl%F0%9D%9A%92n%F0%9D%9A%8E-fre%F0%9D%9A%8E-on-english/thread/forum/696/thread_id/50649/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-watch-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-2024-full-mov%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%9A%8E-%F0%9D%90%8E%F0%9D%90%A7%F0%9D%90%A5%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%A7%F0%9D%90%9E-%F0%9D%90%85%F0%9D%90%AB%F0%9D%90%9E%F0%9D%90%9E-on-english/thread/forum/696/thread_id/51048/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-123mov%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%9Es-watch-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-2024-full-mov%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%9A%8E-%F0%9D%90%8E%F0%9D%90%A7%F0%9D%90%A5%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%A7%F0%9D%90%9E-%F0%9D%90%85%F0%9D%90%AB%F0%9D%90%9E%F0%9D%90%9E-on-english/thread/forum/696/thread_id/51063/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-123%F0%9D%99%BC%F0%9D%9A%98%F0%9D%9A%9F%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%8Es-%F0%9D%9A%86%F0%9D%9A%8A%F0%9D%9A%9D%F0%9D%9A%8C%F0%9D%9A%91-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-2024-full-%F0%9D%99%BC%F0%9D%9A%98%F0%9D%9A%9F%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%8E-yts-yify-%F0%9D%99%BC%F0%9D%9A%98%F0%9D%9A%9F%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%8Es-torr%F0%9D%9A%8Ent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-ava%F0%9D%9A%92lable-n%F0%9D%9A%98w/thread/forum/696/thread_id/51083/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-2024-full-mov%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%9A%8E-filmyzilla-hi%F0%9D%99%BDdi-dub%F0%9D%9A%8Bed-7%F0%9D%9F%B80p-and-10%F0%9D%9F%BE0p/thread/forum/696/thread_id/51101/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/%F0%9D%9A%86%F0%9D%9A%8A%F0%9D%9A%9D%F0%9D%9A%8C%F0%9D%9A%91-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-2024-fullmov%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%9A%8E-filmyzilla-%F0%9D%90%85%F0%9D%90%AB%F0%9D%90%9E%F0%9D%90%9E-%F0%9D%90%8E%F0%9D%90%A7%F0%9D%90%A5%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%A7%F0%9D%90%9E-720p-480p-amp-amp-1080%F0%9D%99%BF/thread/forum/696/thread_id/51122/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/%F0%9D%9A%86%F0%9D%9A%8A%F0%9D%9A%9D%F0%9D%9A%8C%F0%9D%9A%91-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-2024-fullmov%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%9A%8E-filmyzilla-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-%F0%9D%90%85%F0%9D%90%AB%F0%9D%90%9E%F0%9D%90%9E-720p-480p-and-1080%F0%9D%99%BF/thread/forum/696/thread_id/51142/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-watch-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-2024-full-mov%F0%9D%9A%92e-mp4-720p-1080p-hd-4k/thread/forum/696/thread_id/51178/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-123mov%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%9Es-watch-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-%F0%9D%9F%B8%F0%9D%9F%B6%F0%9D%9F%B8%F0%9D%9F%BA-full-mov%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%9A%8E-mp4-720p-1080p-hd-4k/thread/forum/696/thread_id/51195/page/1
    https://www.transfermarkt.com/-fr%F0%9D%9A%8Ee-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-quot-deadpool-3-amp-amp-wolverine-quot-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-yify-mov%F0%9D%9A%92es-available-now/thread/forum/696/thread_id/51210/page/1

  • mina

    https://www.facebook.com/VER.Terrifier3.2024.completa/
    https://scribehow.com/page/VERSonrie_2_2024_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__4X74StysSviLVVJkGRGKvg
    https://scribehow.com/page/CUEVANA3_VER_Sonrie_2_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__KLGvMqT5RTmoOSGKemZ5Fw
    https://scribehow.com/page/CUEVANA3__Sonrie_2_2024_Completa_4K_Sub-Espanol__9cg46EADTv6DfBqFdOKNPA
    https://scribehow.com/page/PELISPLUS_VER_Sonrie_2_2024_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__CUEVANA_3__dLTvL6cFQ9ObFYRv2w6hcQ
    https://scribehow.com/page/PELISPLUS_Ver_Sonrie_2_2024_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__vkTJ-bNTTluJrymlQz_Law
    https://scribehow.com/page/VERSmile_2_2024_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__AmYi44YCTNSnE_JVxH24WQ
    https://scribehow.com/page/CUEVANA3_VER_Smile_2_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__DzHFmJLuR-Wml_nDVytnhQ
    https://scribehow.com/page/PELISPLUS_VER_Smile_2_2024_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__CUEVANA_3__AWicI2qyQqKaGF34VBP53A
    https://scribehow.com/page/PELISPLUS_Ver_Smile_2_2024_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__ffzStR1wScSwiVHAspEk4w
    https://scribehow.com/page/CUEVANA3__Smile_2_2024_Completa_4K_Sub-Espanol__zkjhw437T6-g59TmqbQw-g
    https://scribehow.com/page/A_Forja__O_Poder_da_Transformacao_Filme_Completo_Portugues__k91m5YmcRluKPH3upTY1dg
    https://scribehow.com/page/Assistir_Robo_Selvagem__2024_Filme_Completo_Online_Dublado_em_Portugues__LZ_7cyxySpa1HpF_8ZqunQ
    https://scribehow.com/page/Assista_A_Forja__O_Poder_da_Transformacao_2024_filme_completo_Legendado__ATHi24QLT9ul6uPke9mm0A
    https://scribehow.com/page/ASSISTIR_A_Forja__O_Poder_da_Transformacao_PT-2024_Completo_Dublado_e_legendado_em_portugues__SYsaNyamTzqOKfcLQeLWoQ
    https://scribehow.com/page/Coringa_Delirio_a_Dois_Filme_Completo_Portugues__DMQ5vQO_TeKJxCrgGGWayA
    https://scribehow.com/page/Assistir_Coringa_Delirio_a_Dois_2024_Filme_Completo_Online_Dublado_em_Portugues__wgygAaLGQzOvTScVWzZG3A
    https://scribehow.com/page/Assista_Coringa_Delirio_a_Dois_2024_filme_completo_Legendado__IftJNwBpQLCtsuEURa4BDQ
    https://scribehow.com/page/ASSISTIR_Coringa_Delirio_a_Dois_2024_FILME_COMPLETO_DUBLADO_EM_PORTUGUESE__s4OEqPq7Tx6IqDoDn8zVeA
    https://scribehow.com/page/ASSISTIR_Coringa_Delirio_a_Dois_PT-2024_Completo_Dublado_e_legendado_em_portugues__-hl6tFFRT_2-Z92fwAyA6g
    https://scribehow.com/page/Terrifier_3_Filme_Completo_Portugues__sXdtI31lQF-g8ovA2fAjxg
    https://scribehow.com/page/Assistir_Terrifier_3_2024_Filme_Completo_Online_Dublado_em_Portugues__sk3f8CT9QpGwM3Y5Qayfbw
    https://scribehow.com/page/Assista_Terrifier_3_2024_filme_completo_Legendado__EJab121CQ7GA_LF1y7Z-Cw
    https://scribehow.com/page/ASSISTIR_Terrifier_3_2024_FILME_COMPLETO_DUBLADO_EM_PORTUGUESE__3PEsSwQgRSedJ0cTPQTQaA
    https://scribehow.com/page/ASSISTIR_Terrifier_3_PT-2024_Completo_Dublado_e_legendado_em_portugues__2_YP6HzRTwa-hc7rUk75QQ
    https://scribehow.com/page/VERTerrifier_3_Payaso_Siniestro_2024_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__QwUVcuXwTlCad5J_5KQB0A
    https://scribehow.com/page/CUEVANA3_VER_Terrifier_3_Payaso_Siniestro_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__V7GU6WLDS1i3_XNzwkh1zA
    https://scribehow.com/page/CUEVANA3__Terrifier_3_Payaso_Siniestro_2024_Completa_4K_Sub-Espanol__lZ5lITAxS4-dq_9e3kJVQw
    https://scribehow.com/page/PELISPLUS_VER_Terrifier_3_Payaso_Siniestro_2024_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__CUEVANA_3__r-yxWy7nTuG7uoRyBK_eNg
    https://scribehow.com/page/PELISPLUS_Ver_Terrifier_3_Payaso_Siniestro_2024_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__Wk2MzpqKREaEiI0c63kVDQ
    https://scribehow.com/page/VERVenom_3_El_ultimo_baile_2024_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__xh4ZXcfgRVO_YPhgE-jarA
    https://scribehow.com/page/CUEVANA3_VER_Venom_3_El_ultimo_baile_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__4QLOpUY5RKe8Eanmcy_0yg
    https://scribehow.com/page/CUEVANA3__Venom_3_El_ultimo_baile_2024_Completa_4K_Sub-Espanol__DjT6GlR2R06JLCi2U1Wukw
    https://scribehow.com/page/PELISPLUS_VER_Venom_3_El_ultimo_baile_2024_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__CUEVANA_3__wfqmU4NgQGeXiEhi3lnnhQ
    https://scribehow.com/page/PELISPLUS_Ver_Venom_3_El_ultimo_baile_2024_ONLINE_EN_ESPANOL_Y_LATINO__wfMAm1dSS0yOK7AmrOCXhA
    https://scribehow.com/page/BG-AUDIO_Rusalki__mermaids_2024_gledaj_onlajn_celiya_film_subtitri_BG__6EtGqtoJSKq4C0TXTSH46Q
    https://scribehow.com/page/BG-AUDIO_Rusalki_Filmi_Onlajn_or_mermaids_Film_Online_BG_SUB__jJCOmp3ITgirlrBCd-q0Mw
    https://scribehow.com/page/Rusalki_2024_Celiyat_film_1080p_Filmi_onlajn_bg_audio_BG-Sub__MbM17oWwTjaLFWHBor87QA
    https://scribehow.com/page/GLEDAJTE_Rusalki_2024_Celiyat_film_onlajn_bezplatno_BG_SUBS__QW12iUUHT62R0oYJ8mwvSQ
    https://scribehow.com/page/Rusalki_2024_Filmi_onlajn_bg_audio_gledajte_HD_filmi_Online__iIEF6V5TQiq4iqPKHLH6lg

Leave a comment

BLOG