Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://www.maketheroadpa.org/forum/general-discussion/bencho-fydyw-sks-hdyr-aabd-lrzq-mqtaa-kml-shhd-qbl-lhdhf
https://www.martinolivaresquiroz.com/forum/discusiones-generales/fydyw-sks-hdyr-aabd-lrzq-mqtaa-kml-shhd-qbl-lhdhf-sex-time
https://www.precisiontoolanddie.us/forum/general-discussion/fydyw-sks-hdyr-aabd-lrzq-mqtaa-kml-shhd-qbl-lhdhf-fudi-dio
https://www.maketheroadpa.org/forum/general-discussion/fydyw-sks-hdyr-aabd-lrzq-mqtaa-kml-shhd-qbl-lhdhf-sasti
https://www.martinolivaresquiroz.com/forum/discusiones-generales/kundi-fydyw-sks-hdyr-aabd-lrzq-mqtaa-kml-shhd-qbl-lhdhf
https://www.precisiontoolanddie.us/forum/general-discussion/sundi-fydyw-sks-hdyr-aabd-lrzq-mqtaa-kml-shhd-qbl-lhdhf
https://www.maketheroadpa.org/forum/general-discussion/fydyw-sks-hdyr-aabd-lrzq-mqtaa-kml-shhd-qbl-lhdhf-jua-paiyiya
https://www.martinolivaresquiroz.com/forum/discusiones-generales/fydyw-sks-hdyr-aabd-lrzq-mqtaa-kml-shhd-qbl-lhdhf-naag-time
https://www.precisiontoolanddie.us/forum/general-discussion/fydyw-sks-hdyr-aabd-lrzq-mqtaa-kml-shhd-qbl-lhdhf-panch-top
https://www.randisgroomingunleashed.com/forum/questions-answers/fydyw-sks-hdyr-aabd-lrzq-mqtaa-kml-shhd-qbl-lhdhf-randirona
https://www.randisgroomingunleashed.com/forum/questions-answers/fydyw-sks-hdyr-aabd-lrzq-mqtaa-kml-shhd-qbl-lhdhf-uske-lode
https://www.randisgroomingunleashed.com/forum/questions-answers/fydyw-sks-hdyr-aabd-lrzq-mqtaa-kml-shhd-qbl-lhdhf-transport-ghumi
https://www.maketheroadpa.org/forum/general-discussion/kasht-nahi-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.martinolivaresquiroz.com/forum/discusiones-generales/khanpeen-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.precisiontoolanddie.us/forum/general-discussion/set-ho-jani-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.maketheroadpa.org/forum/general-discussion/patli-ho-jani-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.martinolivaresquiroz.com/forum/discusiones-generales/jayda-ni-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.precisiontoolanddie.us/forum/general-discussion/weight-machine-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.maketheroadpa.org/forum/general-discussion/charger-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.martinolivaresquiroz.com/forum/discusiones-generales/sardiya-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.precisiontoolanddie.us/forum/general-discussion/thand-v-ni-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.maketheroadpa.org/forum/general-discussion/explore-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.martinolivaresquiroz.com/forum/discusiones-generales/channel-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.precisiontoolanddie.us/forum/general-discussion/countries-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.randisgroomingunleashed.com/forum/questions-answers/deni-aa-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.randisgroomingunleashed.com/forum/questions-answers/company-wale-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.randisgroomingunleashed.com/forum/questions-answers/problem-solved-filtran-video-intimo-de-yailin-la-mas-viral-y-tekashi-sin-verguenza
https://www.maketheroadpa.org/forum/general-discussion/salditop-daru-wali-viral-video-sourav-singh-llb-viral-video-on-social-media
https://www.martinolivaresquiroz.com/forum/discusiones-generales/topilode-sourav-singh-viral-video-two-boys-drunk-new-viral-video-hd
https://www.precisiontoolanddie.us/forum/general-discussion/part-2-daru-mms-sourav-singh-llb-leaked-viral-video
https://www.maketheroadpa.org/forum/general-discussion/full-options-sourav-singh-viral-video-two-friends-drink
https://www.martinolivaresquiroz.com/forum/discusiones-generales/full-patole-video-sourav-singh-llb-mms-viral-leaked-video
https://www.precisiontoolanddie.us/forum/general-discussion/fr-bajar-daru-wali-viral-video-sourav-singh-llb-viral-video-on-social-media
https://www.maketheroadpa.org/forum/general-discussion/nacho-pure-sourav-singh-viral-video-two-boys-drunk-new-viral-video-hd
https://www.martinolivaresquiroz.com/forum/discusiones-generales/randibaj-sourav-singh-viral-video-two-boys-drunk-new-viral-video-hd
https://www.precisiontoolanddie.us/forum/general-discussion/sardarkhan-sourav-singh-viral-video-two-boys-drunk-new-viral-video-hd
https://www.randisgroomingunleashed.com/forum/questions-answers/bharpoor-pyar-sourav-singh-viral-video-two-boys-drunk-new-viral-video-hd
https://www.randisgroomingunleashed.com/forum/questions-answers/part-3-daru-mms-sourav-singh-llb-leaked-viral-video
https://www.randisgroomingunleashed.com/forum/questions-answers/aukha-lagda-sourav-singh-viral-video-two-friends-drink
https://network.propertyweek.com/members/status/show?id=28906064%3AStatus%3A149151
https://community.goldencorral.com/members/status/show?id=28906084%3AStatus%3A867997
https://tic-tac.teleco.uvigo.es/members/status/show?id=28874944%3AStatus%3A45743
https://cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/members/status/show?id=28906044%3AStatus%3A627202
https://wokwi.com/projects/407902242541970433
https://smartsnack.cl/en/blogs/news/beneficios-de-dejar-el-azucar-y-tips-para-lograrlo?comment=136650752178#comments
https://ghuggibabu.hashnode.dev/the-utility-use-to-utility-isnt-utility
https://pastelink.net/nzz8viwp
https://wandering.flarum.cloud/d/102277-the-utility-use-to-utility-isnt-utility
https://snippet.host/bwsmtu
https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/3254/the-utility-use-to-utility-isn-t-utility
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/4127/the-utility-use-to-utility-isn-t-utility
https://forum.earthshipbiotecture.com/topic/704/the-utility-use-to-utility-isn-t-utility
https://forum.daoyidh.com/topic/1023/the-utility-use-to-utility-isn-t-utility
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/4712/the-utility-use-to-utility-isn-t-utility
https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/4440/the-utility-use-to-utility-isn-t-utility
https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/16765/the-utility-use-to-utility-isn-t-utility
https://forum.woimortal.com/forum/community/discussions/58387-the-utility-use-to-utility-isn-t-utility
https://rentry.co/3obdkmkz
https://www.lomarfarms.com/blogs/news/people?comment=136249868593#comments
https://paste.myst.rs/zakz0wnu
https://paste.ee/p/zqxfx
https://glot.io/snippets/gzk37zzckq
https://hackmd.io/@khoyitomi/BJ9qWz7hA
https://www.pastery.net/gbmtsg/
https://paiza.io/projects/JLC1hArxAUDGEKmxiU7kYg?language=php
https://telegra.ph/The-Utility-use-to-utility-isnt-utility-09-02
https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/gogighugi/diary/202409020000/
https://www.pastery.net/uuqsap/
https://paste.enginehub.org/tnjP5DPi8
https://paste.laravel.io/7dc738e2-8f9e-4340-abc5-24aed2fcce48
https://ivpaste.com/v/GkoRvNXWy1
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/adb3d1bf
https://paste.rs/mUBmw.txt
https://paste.vpsfree.cz/C4VVrqtT
https://sebsauvage.net/paste/?a8f4c1240644d300#nplwajiafF9Sbq6Hedc405FrjOVNl9XEB7dEJ2u62JM=
https://paste2.org/hGeHnzw2
https://muckrack.com/caspian-sea-1/bio
http://aldenfamilydentistry.com/UserProfile/tabid/57/userId/887232/Default.aspx
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/130440-the-utility-use-to-utility-isnt-utility
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618460382822400/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618461244719104/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618462396481537/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618462761385984/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618463314640897/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618464248233984/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618464772128769/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618465137033216/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618466244329473/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618467089514496/
https://soundcloud.com/nmia5663/2000guild-wars-2-free-gems-no-verification
https://pitters1.bandcamp.com/album/new-monopoly-go-free-dice-september-no-verification
https://pitters1.bandcamp.com/album/5000-dice-dreams-free-rolls-today-2024-new
https://pitters1.bandcamp.com/album/top-brawl-stars-free-gems-generator-today
https://pitters1.bandcamp.com/album/update-mobile-legends-bang-bang-free-diamonds-generator
https://pitters1.bandcamp.com/album/new-pocket-sized-atm-machine-comprehensive-review-2024
https://www.bigislandimprovementgroup.org/forum/general-discussion/download-deadpool-3-wolverine
Pandit Ramakant Shastri is Indian Vashikaran specialist has expertise in Voodoo Black Magic Specialist, Get your Love Back, Love Guru Specialist, Get Back your Love, Love Breakup Solutions, Get Back your Love with Vashikaran, Get back your Lover, Women Love Vashikaran, Love with Vashikaran, Vashikaran Love Guru, Black Magic Guru Ji, Vashikaran Specialist, Vashikaran Baba Ji, Love Guru Tantrik, Black Magic Baba Ji, Kala Jadu Specialist, Women Vashikaran, Girlfriend Vashikaran, Boyfriend Vashikaran, Tantrik Baba Ji, Vashikaran Love Guru Ji, Astrology Solutions, Tantrik Expert Guru Ji, Black Magic Kala Jadu, Jyotish Specialist, Tantra Mantra Baba Ji, Vashikaran Specialist Guru Ji, Havan Pandit, Yagya Pooja Pandit, Kudli Dosh Solutions Expert, Match Making Specialist, Love Marriage Specialist, Indian Vashikaran Baba Ji, Horoscope Specialist, Kundli Dosh Solutions, Family Disputes Solutions, Love Sex Children Solutions, Vashikaran Expert, Higher Study Solutions, Tension Anxiety Solutions, Love Marriage Solutions, Business Loss Solutions, Foreign Visa Solutions, Illness Medical Problem Solutions, Kala Jadu Vashikaran, Property Disputes Solutions, Lottery Number Solutions, Get Your Love Back Mantra, Top Best Astrologers in Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Patiala, Bathinda, Ajitgarh, Hoshiarpur, Batala, Pathankot, Moga, Abohar, Khanna, Phagwwara, Muktsar, Barnala, Rajpura, Firozpur, Kapurthala, mandi gobindgarh, fatehgarh sahib, samrala, jagraon, mansa, sirhind, chandigarh, Mohali, panchkula, kharar, Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, Gurgaon, Utter Pradesh, Bihar, India, Canada, USA, Australia, UK, New Zealand, France, Norway, France, Nepal http://www.indianvashikaranspecialist.com contact numbers +91-9872458547, +91-9878958547 punditramakantshastri@gmail.com
https://beetlejuice2teljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videabeetlejuice2teljesfilm2024magyarul
https://ahokiralynoesahercegnotelje-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaahkirlynsahercegnteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://amitolfelszteljesfilm-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaamitlflszteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://fakju-chantalteljesfilm-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videafkjchantalteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://veszjelzesteljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videavszjelzsteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://szerencsesnyertesekteljesfi-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaszerencssnyertesekteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://aholloteljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaahollteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://pandakalandteljesfilm-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videapandakalandteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://itendswithus-velunkvegetert-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaitendswithus-velnkvgetrteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://alien-romulusteljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaalienromulusteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://ateaillatateljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaateaillatateljesfilm2024magyarul
https://mindorokkenyarteljesfilm-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videamindrkknyrteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://borderlandsteljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaborderlandsteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://alienoid2vissazteresajovobe-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaalienoid2vissaztrsajvbeteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://longlegs-aremteljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videalonglegs-armteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://egycica10eleteteljesfilm-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaegycica10leteteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://atokfilkoteljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaatkfilkteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://acsapdateljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaacsapdateljesfilm2024magyarul
https://gru4teljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videagru4teljesfilm2024magyarul
https://deadpoolrozsomakteljesfilm-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videadeadpoolrozsomkteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://akincsteljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaakincsteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://twisters-vegzetesvihartelje-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videatwisters-vgzetesviharteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://kiverzoszerelemteljesfilm20-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videakivrzszerelemteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://vigyelaholdrateljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videavigylaholdrateljesfilm2024magyarul
https://agymanok2teljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaagymank2teljesfilm2024magyarul
https://motorosokteljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videamotorosokteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://bluelockthemovie-episodenag-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videabluelockthemovie-episodenagi-teljesfilm2024magyarul
https://hangnelkulelsonapteljesfilm-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videahangnlklelsnapteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://horizont-egyamerikaieposzte-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videahorizontegyamerikaieposzteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://reggeliahegyenteljesfilm202-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videareggeliahegyenteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://online-videajeannedielman-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videa-jeanne-dielman-23-quai-du-commerce-1080-bruxelles-teljes-film-2024tm-magyarul
https://balhearivieranteljesfilm202-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videa-balhe-a-rivieran-teljes-film-2024tm-magyarul
https://szadraneveddteljesfilm-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videaszdraneveddteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://orokketeljesfilm2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videarkkteljesfilm2024magyarul
https://montecristogrofjateljesfilm-shop.fourthwall.com/products/online-videamontecristogrfjateljesfilm2024magyarul
https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/4da89ed26e36493de854541b7487a57d54d835585cdb792b767038bb2a2678bc
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/4305/rwyjrwyrwyjrwjywryj
https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/3427/rwyrwyrwjyrwyjwryjwryjj
https://toirscript.com/topic/3553/rwyrwjrwyjrwyjrywjwryj
https://forum.realdigital.org/d/77206-teuktektuketk
https://forum.instube.com/d/131308-wryjrywjrwyjrywrwyj
http://opensource.platon.org/forum/projects/viewtopic.php?p=12649659#12649659
https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/wyjrwrjrjrwjryjryj.482596/
https://forum.gamestategames.com/d/5459-etktuktektuektuk
https://diendannhansu.com/threads/tktuktktuekktutuektu.543408/
https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/121270-tuktuktuktuktuktukteu
http://www.limesucks.com/thread/tuktuktuktkuktu/
https://www.ofurea.com/forum/thread/3236/wryyrywjwryjrwyjyrjrywjy/
https://www.snibc.co.uk/fusion/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=10401
https://kitemunity.com/forums/topic/8561/jwrjjwrjywryjrwjyywrjyj/view/post_id/92705
https://www.yeuthucung.com/threads/ktekteuktktuketkuteuk.500953/
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/131484-teketktuekktktuk
https://www.tadalive.com/blog/414919/tektktekktutktkttuketuk/
https://doc.clickup.com/9018117031/p/h/8crb2x7-4498/b482ce582b1c8c7
https://www.surveyking.com/survey/5142
http://taylorhicks.ning.com/photo/albums/rjyrjyryjryjrjrjy
http://playit4ward-sanantonio.ning.com/photo/albums/wrjyrwyjryjrwyjrywj
Leave a comment