Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://open.spotify.com/episode/3fgb2RMrncwNyhmFWKxu8Q
https://open.spotify.com/episode/0tr1ebTsQULCwDvRP7htMe
https://open.spotify.com/episode/1YQ9GjcVshLdSHheDNvSBA
https://open.spotify.com/episode/3JF37EOnVZN3YXKtfjZKCd
https://open.spotify.com/episode/4fniTmpkSedYoxmk5JPX52
https://open.spotify.com/episode/05URc5oEgcsdFMZhjIh5zI
https://open.spotify.com/episode/5Qtw8sDbaBivdK99JjrYXt
https://open.spotify.com/episode/307Mhk6wdKoRXk1LvI23Nm
https://open.spotify.com/episode/3A78UJnZjydktJfIMhHqbo
https://open.spotify.com/episode/0FBbtx3ZXh6HH2L623xt1X
https://open.spotify.com/episode/57xjtFUCFoVWtMuZjEfgJ6
https://open.spotify.com/episode/38GPTn6LOI48VhF7tXKWgC
https://open.spotify.com/episode/23fIsLwMuLzdiEp6IbDII0
https://open.spotify.com/episode/7aQlvCmtC2NHbkjWImfEON
https://open.spotify.com/episode/5p6D3hTdKXMFNB18UVhw9i
https://adamjordies21.outgrow.us/adamjordies21-2
https://adamjordies21745.outgrow.us/adamjordies21745-2
https://adamjordies21598.outgrow.us/adamjordies21598-2
https://adamjordies21994.outgrow.us/adamjordies21994-2
https://adamjordies21681.outgrow.us/adamjordies21681-2
https://adamjordies21187.outgrow.us/adamjordies21187-2
https://adamjordies21264.outgrow.us/adamjordies21264-2
https://adamjordies21493.outgrow.us/adamjordies21493-2
https://adamjordies21108.outgrow.us/adamjordies21108-2
https://adamjordies21556.outgrow.us/adamjordies21556-2
https://adamjordies21837.outgrow.us/adamjordies21837-2
https://adamjordies21759.outgrow.us/adamjordies21759-2
https://adamjordies21983.outgrow.us/adamjordies21983-2
https://adamjordies2196.outgrow.us/adamjordies2196-2
https://adamjordies2125.outgrow.us/adamjordies2125-2
https://adamjordies21230.outgrow.us/adamjordies21230-2
https://adamjordies21831.outgrow.us/adamjordies21831-2
https://adamjordies21711.outgrow.us/adamjordies21711-2
https://adamjordies21753.outgrow.us/adamjordies21753-2
https://adamjordies21668.outgrow.us/adamjordies21668-2
https://www.tadalive.com/blog/408587/tketuektektkutekktutektkute/
https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/b980f877db6841645845ca4f9e59813e3daf525c220f07ed449d867ff70081f8
http://playit4ward-sanantonio.ning.com/photo/albums/jrrwyjrywjrjjryjryw
http://taylorhicks.ning.com/photo/albums/wjyrryjwrwywyjrrwy
https://www.surveyking.com/survey/4312
https://doc.clickup.com/9018117031/p/h/8crb2x7-4378/88c853f62f86a1a
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/127642-tektektktketkutteku
https://namelessmc.com/forum/topic/9112-teukteuktukteuktuektktku/
https://www.yeuthucung.com/threads/tuektuktektktuk.495026/
https://kitemunity.com/forums/topic/8325/wryjryjrwyjrywjryj/view/post_id/90640
https://www.snibc.co.uk/fusion/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=10096
https://www.ofurea.com/forum/thread/3021/rwyjrywjrywjryrywj/
http://www.limesucks.com/thread/wrjrwyjrwyrwyjrwyj/
https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/117441-teuktketeuktektketku
https://diendannhansu.com/threads/teuktekutuekteuktkktu.538914/
https://forum.gamestategames.com/d/4718-rwyjyrwjrwyrjywrwjy
https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/teuktektektek.481497/
http://opensource.platon.org/forum/projects/viewtopic.php?p=12646841#12646841
https://forum.instube.com/d/128021-wyrjrwyjrwyjryjryrjyw
https://forum.realdigital.org/d/52221-etktekuteuktektek
https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/2702/rywjrywjrwyrwyjrwjy
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/3558/rwyjrwyjryrwyjrywjyrwj
https://www.remotehub.com/services/details/tektektetke-66cf7e83edae3a173c54b71d
https://sharetext.me/iysfscomgl
https://tiny-paste.com/138336/
https://paste.myst.rs/ose0k0uh
https://ivpaste.com/v/IX9PkjSf2g
https://paste.thezomg.com/218836/24949911/
https://paste.intergen.online/view/82e584a9
https://onlinegdb.com/ronGxFYyjF
https://bitbin.it/mzwnOFBp/
https://tempel.in/view/ZZa8GomM
https://paiza.io/projects/niRLKx4vRuwEqetPBJI8nQ
https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/45f1a3fa
https://pastebin.com/DL0s355k
https://paste.chapril.org/?0eaff85cb8d420e5#E97jhHXLHZkJDdWruwMKacmcXKSGKU6KFTb9Ebvjtxu2
https://paste.ofcode.org/Zs3CUqMHR3NvHU6Sgsaiyg
https://paste.centos.org/view/3d34af03
https://snippet.host/kkddar
https://jsfiddle.net/5zt62p8b/
https://paste.rs/it8BK.txt
https://anotepad.com/notes/fwnww7eh
https://rentry.co/3bx2z7aa
https://jsbin.com/xasugedili
http://ben-kiki.org/ypaste/data/112774/index.html
http://nopaste.ceske-hry.cz/411276
https://notes.io/wmand
https://paste.laravel.io/c2b32e07-6a3f-4523-9cf8-886962d950ca
https://niermance.com/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=29753#post29753
https://www.onfeetnation.com/profiles/blogs/etktekuketuku
https://paste.ee/p/TAqna
https://smart-blue-butterfly.slab.com/posts/tuektuktutuk-ns1gbjx0
https://etextpad.com/swmflvnjyu
https://paste.toolforge.org/view/a43318fb
https://mypaste.fun/i6fccq6ia6
https://telegra.ph/etuteukteu-08-29
https://paste.mozilla.org/V4kAuSta
https://paste.ec/paste/LJBIPVzL#c+kUrLlJOsArIUs2lsKjzTLuA1PPBQXWzguIdd7hwwR
https://paste.imirhil.fr/?01d2b98599940433#sSbr2wYheaMNFyJQhMs124qChBxiXLLujo9rAnN5hRs=
https://paste.enginehub.org/J3GTAQZDO
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638109/posts/32050896
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638109/posts/32050897
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638109/posts/32050943
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638109/posts/32050945
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638109/posts/32050949
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638457/posts/32050986
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638457/posts/32050995
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638457/posts/32051000
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638457/posts/32051003
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638670/posts/32051016
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638670/posts/32051020
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638670/posts/32051021
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638670/posts/32051027
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638793/posts/32051044
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638793/posts/32051046
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638793/posts/32051055
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638793/posts/32051054
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638793/posts/32051060
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638793/posts/32051061
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638985/posts/32051077
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638985/posts/32051076
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638985/posts/32051093
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146638985/posts/32051094
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639190/posts/32051115
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639190/posts/32051114
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639190/posts/32051123
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639190/posts/32051124
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639190/posts/32051134
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639190/posts/32051141
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639401/posts/32051182
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639401/posts/32051181
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639401/posts/32051198
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639401/posts/32051212
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639401/posts/32051213
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639584/posts/32051243
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639584/posts/32051245
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639584/posts/32051252
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639584/posts/32051253
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639584/posts/32051261
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639869/posts/32051318
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639869/posts/32051320
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639869/posts/32051324
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639869/posts/32051325
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639869/posts/32051329
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639869/posts/32051330
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146639869/posts/32051333
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146548086/posts/32051359
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146548086/posts/32052525
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146548086/posts/32052536
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146548086/posts/32052534
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645085/posts/32052579
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645085/posts/32052578
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645017/posts/32052575
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645017/posts/32052574
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645017/posts/32052604
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645017/posts/32052603
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645085/posts/32052608
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645085/posts/32052607
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645085/posts/32052620
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645017/posts/32052624
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645085/posts/32052631
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645017/posts/32052633
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645017/posts/32052653
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645506/posts/32052683
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645506/posts/32052685
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645506/posts/32052697
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645506/posts/32052698
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645506/posts/32052708
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645506/posts/32052740
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645506/posts/32052745
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645506/posts/32052755
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645824/posts/32052778
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645824/posts/32052779
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645824/posts/32052785
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645824/posts/32052788
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645964/posts/32052815
https://www.strava.com/athletes/146645964/posts/32052813
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618460382822400/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618461244719104/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618462396481537/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618462761385984/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618463314640897/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618464248233984/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618464772128769/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618465137033216/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618466244329473/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3618467089514496/
https://soundcloud.com/nmia5663/2000guild-wars-2-free-gems-no-verification
https://pitters1.bandcamp.com/album/new-monopoly-go-free-dice-september-no-verification
https://pitters1.bandcamp.com/album/5000-dice-dreams-free-rolls-today-2024-new
https://pitters1.bandcamp.com/album/top-brawl-stars-free-gems-generator-today
https://pitters1.bandcamp.com/album/update-mobile-legends-bang-bang-free-diamonds-generator
https://pitters1.bandcamp.com/album/new-pocket-sized-atm-machine-comprehensive-review-2024
https://www.bigislandimprovementgroup.org/forum/general-discussion/download-deadpool-3-wolverine
Pandit Ramakant Shastri is Indian Vashikaran specialist has expertise in Voodoo Black Magic Specialist, Get your Love Back, Love Guru Specialist, Get Back your Love, Love Breakup Solutions, Get Back your Love with Vashikaran, Get back your Lover, Women Love Vashikaran, Love with Vashikaran, Vashikaran Love Guru, Black Magic Guru Ji, Vashikaran Specialist, Vashikaran Baba Ji, Love Guru Tantrik, Black Magic Baba Ji, Kala Jadu Specialist, Women Vashikaran, Girlfriend Vashikaran, Boyfriend Vashikaran, Tantrik Baba Ji, Vashikaran Love Guru Ji, Astrology Solutions, Tantrik Expert Guru Ji, Black Magic Kala Jadu, Jyotish Specialist, Tantra Mantra Baba Ji, Vashikaran Specialist Guru Ji, Havan Pandit, Yagya Pooja Pandit, Kudli Dosh Solutions Expert, Match Making Specialist, Love Marriage Specialist, Indian Vashikaran Baba Ji, Horoscope Specialist, Kundli Dosh Solutions, Family Disputes Solutions, Love Sex Children Solutions, Vashikaran Expert, Higher Study Solutions, Tension Anxiety Solutions, Love Marriage Solutions, Business Loss Solutions, Foreign Visa Solutions, Illness Medical Problem Solutions, Kala Jadu Vashikaran, Property Disputes Solutions, Lottery Number Solutions, Get Your Love Back Mantra, Top Best Astrologers in Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Patiala, Bathinda, Ajitgarh, Hoshiarpur, Batala, Pathankot, Moga, Abohar, Khanna, Phagwwara, Muktsar, Barnala, Rajpura, Firozpur, Kapurthala, mandi gobindgarh, fatehgarh sahib, samrala, jagraon, mansa, sirhind, chandigarh, Mohali, panchkula, kharar, Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, Gurgaon, Utter Pradesh, Bihar, India, Canada, USA, Australia, UK, New Zealand, France, Norway, France, Nepal http://www.indianvashikaranspecialist.com contact numbers +91-9872458547, +91-9878958547 punditramakantshastri@gmail.com
Leave a comment