Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://deadpoolwolverine2024stre-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmdeadpoolwolverine2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://altadefinizione-hd-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmalienromulus2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://altadefinizione-hd-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmcattivissimome42024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://altadefinizione-hd-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmitendswithus-siamonoiadirebasta2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://altadefinizione-hd-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmmaxxxine2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://altadefinizione-hd-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilm30annidimeno2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://italiano-1-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmblinktwice2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://italiano-1-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmlinnocenza2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://italiano-1-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmlavitaaccanto2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://italiano-1-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmthecrow-ilcorvo2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://italiano-1-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmborderlands2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://streamingitagratis-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmfinchnottenoncisepari2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://streamingitagratis-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmfreud-lultimaanalisi2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://streamingitagratis-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmparadiseisburning2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://streamingitagratis-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmcoppiaapertaquasispalancata2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://streamingitagratis-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmtouch2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://filmtrap2024streaming-ital-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmtrap2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://filmparadoxeffect2024strea-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmparadoxeffect2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://filminsideout22024streamin-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilminsideout22024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://filmimmaculate-laprescelta2-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmimmaculate-laprescelta2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://filmtwisters2024streaming-shop.fourthwall.com/products/hdfilmtwisters2024streaming-italianosenzalimitifilmcompleto
https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/013a44eb6e070cfcc86237318eb1a8a5fcb5f4127e3a14db55041c8e5f4f7967
http://playit4ward-sanantonio.ning.com/photo/albums/teuktktuetuktetek
http://taylorhicks.ning.com/photo/albums/wryjrwjrwjrwjyrwjyrwjy
https://www.surveyking.com/survey/4317
https://doc.clickup.com/9018117031/p/h/8crb2x7-4418/9cc84dad10cf6e3
https://www.tadalive.com/blog/408592/etuktektuktkutku/
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/127644-wryjryjwrwjyrwjrwjrjjry
https://namelessmc.com/forum/topic/9114-teuktktektkteutkeu/
https://www.yeuthucung.com/threads/tektkteuktuktuktkektu.495030/
https://kitemunity.com/forums/topic/8326/etktketuktektktketukkte/view/post_id/90641
https://www.snibc.co.uk/fusion/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=10097
https://www.ofurea.com/forum/thread/3022/etktkutektuktketku/
http://www.limesucks.com/thread/etktektektktkueteku/
https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/117444-tkteukteuktuektuktuek
https://diendannhansu.com/threads/ryjrwyjrywjrywjrwyjrwyj.538917/
https://forum.gamestategames.com/d/4720-tekteuktuktuketuk
https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/etktketuktketke.481499/
http://opensource.platon.org/forum/projects/viewtopic.php?p=12646845#12646845
https://forum.instube.com/d/128027-etktuktekkuttke
https://forum.realdigital.org/d/52224-teuktktektktu
https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/2704/wrrwyjrwyjrwyjjryw
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/3563/teuktuektukttkue
https://niermance.com/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=29750#post29750
https://sharetext.me/torzublzra
https://tiny-paste.com/138338/
https://paste.myst.rs/aeb6yqck
https://ivpaste.com/v/3qRyLvTzNm
https://paste.thezomg.com/218839/50458172/
https://paste.intergen.online/view/a5666ee0
https://onlinegdb.com/8Y_zj19Yh8
https://bitbin.it/0WPODUSb/
https://tempel.in/view/kREU
https://paiza.io/projects/9PeekQV-7rU9si6VgMIjXA
https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/15e727c6
https://pastebin.com/zn8srwLk
https://paste.chapril.org/?4ee617bbbb279395#Bb3ZZ6fLJW5JTz7JDc3WNsZCwWPA8wcJwzi9jwhNc2qx
https://paste.ofcode.org/jXWW8mDSxR5NXr7wkujvb4
https://paste.centos.org/view/60411220
https://snippet.host/pyagiw
https://jsfiddle.net/2uy6zm3w/
https://paste.rs/eEDZZ.txt
https://paste.laravel.io/8eb39481-9370-44be-950d-b37b51e4268e
https://notes.io/wmamL
http://nopaste.ceske-hry.cz/411278
http://ben-kiki.org/ypaste/data/112776/index.html
https://jsbin.com/yujageqoyi
https://rentry.co/renadf83
https://anotepad.com/notes/t9c6242n
https://www.onfeetnation.com/profiles/blogs/rwyjryjrywjrwrjy
https://paste.ee/p/m855D
https://smart-blue-butterfly.slab.com/posts/tuektektektt-bv92j7sq
https://etextpad.com/jitdr4dvil
https://paste.toolforge.org/view/4d1b0987
https://telegra.ph/rwyryjrjjr-08-29
https://paste.mozilla.org/bc7M6CBG
https://paste.ec/paste/au9EOORM#wM0qQrA1D8BTIOOoVnCVTRVvoHXy6yChSdo0MkH55-X
https://paste.imirhil.fr/?8a63fa50ad5cb1e9#kMKdWRrCqEqeF+YH974AfY1nF9e+bFDw6okhGuRqLn4=
https://paste.enginehub.org/j9QEVNx8l
https://github.com/housefull5-fily-hub
https://github.com/housefull5-fir-mos
https://github.com/bhairavam-fily-hub
https://github.com/hari-hara-veera-nallu-part1-fily-hub
https://github.com/kuberaa-fily-hub
https://github.com/kannappa-fily-hub
https://github.com/how-to-train-ur-dragon-fily-hub
https://cccv.to/xemphimdoraemonmovie2025
https://cccv.to/doraemonxemphim2025
https://cccv.to/xemdoraemonmovie44fulldh
https://cccv.to/faceoff8fullhdvietsub
https://cccv.to/latmat8fullhdvietsub2025
https://cccv.to/detectivkienfullhdvietsub
https://cccv.to/xemphimthamkien2025
https://cccv.to/xemphimyadang2025fulldh
https://cccv.to/xemphimyadangthesnitch
https://cccv.to/sihirliannemfullizlehd2025
https://cccv.to/demonslayermovie2025fullhd
https://cccv.to/sihirliannemhepimizbiriz2025
https://cccv.to/howtotrainurdragonizlefullhd
https://cccv.to/askinyuzufullizle2025
https://cccv.to/odabirseymiizlefullhd2025
https://cccv.to/thethingsukillfullhdizle2025
https://cccv.to/rafadantayfakapadokyaizle2025
https://cccv.to/liloandstitchfullmovhd2025
https://cccv.to/howtotrainurdragonfullmovkr
https://cccv.to/hifivefullversionhd2025
https://cccv.to/28yearlaterfullversionhd2025
https://cccv.to/28yearsleterfullizlehd2025
https://cccv.to/xemphim28yearleter2025
https://cccv.to/28yearlaterpeliculacompletahd
https://about.me/sajdk
https://heylink.me/uhokeokel/
https://solo.to/ghjgjhg
https://bio.site/kjklkbhjg
https://34mhc.mssg.me/
https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/84264/dsfsf
https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/dkskrkwker/profile
https://www.intensedebate.com/people/ddfdsdfgfdgsd
https://jsitor.com/H2sEyQh-ZW4
http://beterhbo.ning.com/profiles/blogs/asdsasdsadsad
https://graph.org/fdgfdgff-05-30
https://challonge.com/tu384me6
https://mamamia.bandcamp.com/album/ghhjgjjhg
https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/movieanytime/diary/202505310000/
https://forum.motoshkola.od.ua/threads/saddsaas.17582/
https://cloudhound.flarum.cloud/d/27697-sadsaads
https://codeberg.org/kintel/sadsadasd
https://telegra.ph/eddds-05-30
https://binshare.net/gH7lXLl9R1KSAtTRV4FC
https://paste.ee/p/EeRxrfzn
https://www.etextpad.com/dm4o7jt9s3
https://glot.io/snippets/h7u7ur0vqg
https://justpaste.it/2va2z
https://paiza.io/projects/4J3_Ydz9vnKgZ3dw28h1PQ
https://paste.enginehub.org/LiWwGA_vd
https://www.pastery.net/gegtpb/
https://ideone.com/qQJvw7
https://www.wowace.com/paste/f87f9e46
https://paste.intergen.online/view/3f542333
https://pastelink.net/j9f5ypol
https://rentry.co/w8yuaq2v
https://paste.myst.rs/9bdhvqbz
https://paste.laravel.io/edd89c30-e62f-417f-9f07-1a451eff8763
https://paste.thezomg.com/342425/17486356/
https://anonpaste.com/share/ec15e47a46
https://tech.io/snippet/tyYZZUh
https://p.ip.fi/KT52
https://pastecode.dev/s/09wwoty8
https://paste.lightcast.com/view/9aeeadd2
https://paste.ofcode.org/Ss9R2pVQUrTppB8yLG5vQM
https://freepaste.link/sokvqnuxim
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/LZzRR+h+2bk
https://ctxt.io/2/AAB4h-3HFA
https://paste.centos.org/view/9600dd94
https://paste.kodi.tv/woferirogo
https://notes.io/wSEST
https://pastebin.com/a1nqRPsF
http://nopaste.ceske-hry.cz/1545952
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122108739104880714
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122108739104880714&type=3
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122108739104880714&rdc=1&rdr
https://www.are.na/thunderbolts-caly-film-po-polsku
https://www.are.na/thunderbolts-caly-film-po-polsku?=fhu
https://www.are.na/grzesznicy-caly-film-po-polsku
https://www.are.na/grzesznicy-caly-film-po-polsku/channels
https://www.are.na/na-zaginionych-ziemiach-caly-film-po-polsku
https://www.are.na/na-zaginionych-ziemiach-caly-film-po-polsku/channels
https://www.are.na/zagubiona-kula-3-caly-film-po-polsku
https://www.are.na/zagubiona-kula-3-caly-film-po-polsku/channels
https://www.are.na/fantastyczna-czworka-pierwsze-kroki-caly-film-po-polsku
https://www.are.na/fantastyczna-czworka-pierwsze-kroki-caly-film-po-polsku/channels
https://liloandstitchmovieonline.graphy.com/courses/Lilo-Stitch
https://liloandstitchmovieonline.graphy.com/courses/lilo-stitch-2025
https://liloandstitchmovie.graphy.com/courses/lilo-and-stitch-subbthai
https://liloandstitchmovie.graphy.com/courses/Lilo-Stitch-2025-fullhdthai
https://cccv.to/duoidayho
https://cccv.to/duoidayhomotchill
https://cccv.to/latmat72024faceoff7
https://cccv.to/latmat7motdieuocfaceoff7
https://www.ticketmelon.com/phimthamtukien/fullhd-tham-tu-kien-ky-an-khong-dau
https://www.ticketmelon.com/phimchatluonghd/tham-tu-kien-ky-an-khong-dau-vietsub-mien-phi-hd
https://www.ticketmelon.com/phimviet/xem-phim-tham-tu-kien-2025-vietsub-thuyet-minh-full-hd
https://www.ticketmelon.com/phimdetectivekien/tham-tu-kien-vn2025-full-hd-vietsub-mien-phi
https://phimzone.graphy.com/courses/tham-tu-kien-full-hd-vietsub-Motchill
https://phimzone.graphy.com/courses/xemthamtukien2025detectivekien
https://phimzonex.graphy.com/courses/phim-tham-tu-kien
https://phimzonex.graphy.com/courses/phimlatmat8vongtaynangfull
https://www.mahaaction.com/thamtukien2025
https://many.link/thamtukien
https://cara.app/esiteritemate/about
https://hoo.be/esiteritemate
https://esiteritemate.tawk.help/article/esiteritematesaf
https://bento.me/esiteritemate
https://cccv.to/esiteritemate
https://www.TwosApp.com/68385fa918da657deb45bbda
https://taplink.cc/esiteritemate
https://www.are.na/block/37049257
https://esiteritemate.statuspage.io/
https://open.firstory.me/story/cmb9fr3rx0gm901y7hgkhhogd
https://blognews.mystrikingly.com/blog/the-rise-of-artificial-intelligence-changing-the-way-we-live
https://blognews.mybloghunch.com/how-ai-is-revolutionizing-everyday-life?ref=bloghunch.com
https://baskadia.com/post/8kmwg
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1-6hCgW0ZSV3Ot8uWJLhEZ0XsFxlhLkWB?usp=sharing
https://reretp.medium.com/the-future-of-ai-opportunities-and-challenges-c85d5062403e
https://blog-news.hashnode.dev/the-role-of-ai-in-modern-industries
https://rentry.co/esiteritemate
https://hackmd.io/@suruchiadonica/rJJL_ZLzeg
https://justpaste.it/8cm03
https://about.me/esiteritemate
https://tooter.in/esiteritemate/posts/114592195726323635
https://start.me/w/mnv2wk
https://pinshape.com/users/8182692-esiteritemate
https://esiteritemate.mssg.me/
https://magic.ly/esiteritemate
https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/esiteritemate/
https://healingxchange.ning.com/forum/topics/esiteritemate
https://playit4ward-sanantonio.ning.com/photo/albums/esiteritemate
https://forum.phuongnamedu.vn/threads/esiteritemate.23658/
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/62611/esiteritemate
https://paiza.io/projects/3J-_s3zsAgQgGuBJG5jytA
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61576695936276&set=a.122103265922889864
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61576695936276&set=a.122103266216889864
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61576695936276&set=a.122103266594889864
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61576695936276&set=a.122103267050889864
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61576695936276&set=a.122103267392889864
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122103267392889864&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122103267050889864&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122103266594889864&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122103266216889864&type=3
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122103265922889864&type=3
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122103267392889864
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122103267050889864
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122103266594889864
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122103266216889864
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122103265922889864
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/1
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/2
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/3
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/4
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/5
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/6
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/7
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/8
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/9
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/10
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/11
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/12
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/13
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/14
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/15
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/16
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/17
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/18
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/19
https://github.com/Izraal/Boom/discussions/20
https://www.mahaaction.com/bolerofilme
https://www.mahaaction.com/bolerocompleto
https://www.mahaaction.com/boleroonline
https://www.mahaaction.com/bolerodublado
https://www.mahaaction.com/bolerofilmeonline
https://www.mahaaction.com/bolerofilmecompleto
https://www.mahaaction.com/karatekidoscampeoesfilme
https://www.mahaaction.com/karatekidoscampeoescompleto
https://www.mahaaction.com/karatekidoscampeoesonline
https://www.mahaaction.com/karatekidoscampeoesdublado
https://www.mahaaction.com/karatekidoscampeoesdubladoonline
https://www.mahaaction.com/karatekidoscampeoesfilmecompleto
https://www.mahaaction.com/liloestitchfilme
https://www.mahaaction.com/assistirliloestitchfilmeemportugeshdgratis
https://www.mahaaction.com/liloestitchcompleto
https://www.mahaaction.com/liloestitchdublado
https://www.mahaaction.com/liloestitch2025pt
https://www.mahaaction.com/liloestitchcompletopt
https://www.mahaaction.com/missaoimpossiveloajustedecontasfinalfilme
https://www.mahaaction.com/missaoimpossiveloajustedecontasfinalonline
https://www.mahaaction.com/missaoimpossiveloajustedecontasfinaldublado
https://www.mahaaction.com/missaoimpossiveloajustedecontasfinalfilmecompleta
https://www.mahaaction.com/missaoimpossiveloajustedecontasfinalportugues
https://www.mahaaction.com/missaoimpossiveloajustedecontasfinalfilmedublado
https://www.mahaaction.com/oultimodestinodescendenciafilme
https://www.mahaaction.com/oultimodestinodescendenciafilmecompleto
https://www.mahaaction.com/oultimodestinodescendenciafilmeonline
https://www.mahaaction.com/oultimodestinodescendenciaonline
https://www.mahaaction.com/oultimodestinodescendenciacompleto
https://www.mahaaction.com/oultimodestinodescendenciacompletopt
Leave a comment