sustainability · 5626 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://knowt.com//note/bf2ea2eb-9d3d-4e35-a8e6-1b092cdcf6b4/Vigor-Prime-Male-Enhancement-Gummies—B
    https://knowt.com//note/233db4ac-53eb-4956-ae93-7fa5210b431d/Vigor-Prime-Male-Enhancement-Gummies-Nat
    https://knowt.com//note/21764b93-220a-4890-92b4-3f253c5b406c/Vigor-Prime-Male-Enhancement-Gummies—-B
    https://boostyourselfvigorprimecom.omeka.net/
    https://vigorprimeusa.omeka.net/
    https://vigorprimereviews.omeka.net/
    https://vigorpumpusa.omeka.net/
    https://vigorpumpreview.omeka.net/
    https://vigorpumpuser.omeka.net/
    https://knowt.com/note/08315f93-9ad3-4142-bc59-4667f61986da/Vigor-Pump-Gummies-The-Tasty-Way-to-Boo
    https://knowt.com/note/7abf3ba9-4464-4472-929d-76a7d709a1b5/Vigor-Pump-Gummies-A-Delicious-Boost-fo
    https://knowt.com/note/340abc64-8346-4098-b8a8-ec8659b5e836/Vigor-Pump-Gummies-The-Smart-Choice-for
    https://knowt.com/note/55fa253a-c9c0-4343-8545-414a4070b780/180-RX-Gummies-Male-Enhancement—Elevat
    https://knowt.com/note/e7144d16-ce32-466e-8b3d-d69517335399/180-RX-Gummies-Male-Enhancement—The-Bo
    https://knowt.com/note/5917f046-af7b-478d-83e9-5dd636357094/180-RX-Gummies-Male-Enhancement—Boost-
    https://180rxperformanceboost.omeka.net/
    https://180rxstamina.omeka.net/
    https://180rxultimate.omeka.net/
    https://knowt.com/note/5e10e4bb-b5b6-446c-b917-46ce9741349e/Virile-Flow-Reviews-Does-It-Really-Work
    https://knowt.com/note/8e876e4d-c023-4d43-8ea5-606a12ec41f1/Virile-Flow-Supplement-Review-Boosting-
    https://knowt.com/note/d235afe7-45b0-43f5-b604-42666fcceafb/Virile-Flow-Review-Can-It-Improve-Stami
    https://knowt.com/note/44c0c2a3-ecd3-4109-a2f5-842a5ead2074/Virile-Flow—The-Best-Natural-Solution-
    https://knowt.com/note/d98af681-9918-4e3e-8fbc-d93911da2270/Virile-Flow-Testosterone—Are-They-Safe
    https://knowt.com/note/0e10b137-2edd-4aa9-8f6d-96655ab6367c/Virile-Flow-Reviews—Can-It-Help-with-E

  • Parfum

    https://www.resume.id/works/0648e7c312fed27b
    https://www.resume.id/works/8e81b3406efd2218
    https://www.resume.id/works/bcdca250820a5dc8
    https://www.resume.id/works/c39fc645b7bdebaf
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    https://www.resume.id/works/c77db6ab2743ffaf
    https://www.resume.id/works/7992d235c5b9606e
    https://www.resume.id/works/bd03ffa75e01691e
    https://www.resume.id/works/fa5604ba9660410f
    https://www.resume.id/works/97590d3329ce1b08
    https://www.resume.id/works/0de51de321528bab
    https://www.resume.id/works/1550ee3208377bac
    https://www.resume.id/works/73e07890030afa8d
    https://www.resume.id/works/cfa4c7dad2c8fc0f
    https://www.resume.id/works/3d60c4ec353369a3
    https://www.resume.id/works/b296d0eff307621b
    https://www.resume.id/works/62fadf8aca295e04
    https://www.resume.id/works/f12f14a706d6faf8
    https://www.bankier.pl/forum/wiadomosc-zapisana?post_id=70102181&obs=&emal=&st=1&thread_id=
    https://matters.town/a/tpn1x36q3kyn
    https://www.nehannn.com/artist-detail/18.html
    https://www.asteriskguru.com/tutorials/comment_add.php
    https://peoplefirst-hamburg.de/index.php/guestbook/index/index
    https://hackmd.io/Qt2oBdFLQsGro1Cz0qSrZA
    https://pastelink.net/9nhqapd9
    https://snippet.host/bycsrs
    https://jsitor.com/hHvefgp7-8
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/82e07f72
    https://jsfiddle.net/dfew0b7n/
    https://yamcode.com/parfum-507
    https://paiza.io/projects/wlbAfzkLRhkgz_Mhop9lcQ?language=php

  • Parfum

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    https://gagadaily.com/backup2/index.php?/topic/34649-sledujte-miki-cel%C3%BD-film-online-cz-sk-a-zdarma-dabing-i-titulky/
    https://gagadaily.com/backup2/index.php?/topic/34665-sledujte-miki-2024-cely-film-online-cz-sk-a-zdarma-dabing-hd/
    https://gagadaily.com/backup2/index.php?/topic/34669-sledujte-hd-miki-2024-cely-film-online-cz-sk-a-zdarma/
    https://gagadaily.com/backup2/index.php?/topic/34666-filmycz-~-miki-cel%C3%BD-film-2024-%F0%9D%9A%98%F0%9D%9A%97%F0%9D%9A%95%F0%9D%9A%92%F0%9D%9A%97%F0%9D%9A%8E-zdarma-skcz-dabing-i-titulky/
    https://gagadaily.com/backup2/index.php?/topic/34668-sledujte-miki-cel%C3%BD-film-online-cz-sk-a-zdarma-dabing-i-titulky/
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    https://gagadaily.com/backup2/index.php?/topic/34682-sledujte-emilia-p%C3%A9rez-2024-cely-film-online-cz-sk-a-zdarma-dabing-hd/
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    https://gagadaily.com/backup2/index.php?/topic/34707-sledujte-bob-dylan-%C3%BApln%C4%9B-nezn%C3%A1m%C3%BD-cel%C3%BD-film-online-cz-sk-a-zdarma-dabing-i-titulky/
    https://matters.town/a/398dm53j04oa
    https://www.nehannn.com/artist-detail/18.html
    https://www.asteriskguru.com/tutorials/comment_add.php
    https://peoplefirst-hamburg.de/index.php/guestbook/index/index
    https://hackmd.io/1qllfUTFSnyOTQI3IrbkVg
    https://pastelink.net/e2lit996
    https://snippet.host/oadzfw
    https://jsitor.com/8Xty5iGGvM
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/6a078d55
    https://jsfiddle.net/
    https://yamcode.com/parfum-119
    https://paiza.io/projects/d8cVSXE-qBzeeyyCMQdB5Q?language=php

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