sustainability · 5608 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

5609 comments

Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!

  • wjjrwyrwyj

    https://pelishaha5.outgrow.us/pelishaha5-2
    https://pelishaha5933.outgrow.us/pelishaha5933-2
    https://pelishaha5230.outgrow.us/pelishaha5230-2
    https://pelishaha5147.outgrow.us/pelishaha5147-2
    https://pelishaha5483.outgrow.us/pelishaha5483-2
    https://pelishaha5574.outgrow.us/pelishaha5574-2
    https://pelishaha5755.outgrow.us/pelishaha5755-2
    https://pelishaha5760.outgrow.us/pelishaha5760-2
    https://pelishaha5201.outgrow.us/pelishaha5201-2
    https://pelishaha596.outgrow.us/pelishaha596-2
    https://pelishaha5533.outgrow.us/pelishaha5533-2
    https://pelishaha5381.outgrow.us/pelishaha5381-2
    https://pelishaha5807.outgrow.us/pelishaha5807-2
    https://pelishaha5922.outgrow.us/pelishaha5922-2
    https://pelishaha585.outgrow.us/pelishaha585-2

    https://streamnarsus.outgrow.us/streamnarsus-2
    https://streamnarsus451.outgrow.us/streamnarsus451-2
    https://streamnarsus363.outgrow.us/streamnarsus363-2
    https://streamnarsus184.outgrow.us/streamnarsus184-2
    https://streamnarsus762.outgrow.us/streamnarsus762-2
    https://streamnarsus436.outgrow.us/streamnarsus436-2
    https://streamnarsus164.outgrow.us/streamnarsus164-2
    https://streamnarsus749.outgrow.us/streamnarsus749-2
    https://streamnarsus406.outgrow.us/streamnarsus406-2
    https://streamnarsus875.outgrow.us/streamnarsus875-2
    https://streamnarsus428.outgrow.us/streamnarsus428-2
    https://streamnarsus172.outgrow.us/streamnarsus172-2
    https://streamnarsus848.outgrow.us/streamnarsus848-2
    https://streamnarsus731.outgrow.us/streamnarsus731-2
    https://streamnarsus767.outgrow.us/streamnarsus767-2

    https://jhonnycruif.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif-2
    https://jhonnycruif62.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif62-2
    https://jhonnycruif215.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif215-2
    https://jhonnycruif594.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif594-2
    https://jhonnycruif583.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif583-2
    https://jhonnycruif647.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif647-2
    https://jhonnycruif401.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif401-2
    https://jhonnycruif9.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif9-2
    https://jhonnycruif467.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif467-2
    https://jhonnycruif104.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif104-2
    https://jhonnycruif951.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif951-2
    https://jhonnycruif316.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif316-2
    https://jhonnycruif404.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif404-2
    https://jhonnycruif96.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif96-2
    https://jhonnycruif449.outgrow.us/jhonnycruif449-2

    http://taylorhicks.ning.com/photo/albums/etkteuktektkueteuk
    http://playit4ward-sanantonio.ning.com/photo/albums/teth
    https://www.theprose.com/post/828310/wrwryjwryrwjy
    https://txt.fyi/1741e1bb055bd466
    https://txt.fyi/b3148ed58c6bae1a
    https://txt.fyi/a8d14334b24ce492
    https://namelessmc.com/forum/topic/8934-jrywjrywjrywjrwjyrw/
    https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/1029c60daa34d08ec59b1c16225cc591e7ec39e17bb610b3fdfff8d3f8af7d72
    https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/3363/tuktktutketek
    https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/2524/tuektekteukte
    https://toirscript.com/topic/2930/tuketuktuktke
    https://forum.realdigital.org/d/51280-etktkutuektuek
    https://forum.instube.com/d/127042-etktuktukut
    http://opensource.platon.org/forum/projects/viewtopic.php?p=12645837#12645837
    https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/tuktukttktuek.481071/
    https://forum.gamestategames.com/d/4482-tektuektktek
    https://diendannhansu.com/threads/rwjrwyjrwyjrwyjrywj.536067/
    https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/116207-etktketukeetk
    http://www.limesucks.com/thread/wryrwjrwyjyrwj/
    https://www.ofurea.com/forum/thread/2912/etuktekteukttek/
    https://www.snibc.co.uk/fusion/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=9992
    https://kitemunity.com/forums/topic/8245/etktekteukteku/view/post_id/90551
    https://www.yeuthucung.com/threads/teuktuktuektuk.493033/
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/126463-rjrwyjrrywjrjwy
    https://doc.clickup.com/9018117031/p/h/8crb2x7-4298/2fe0c75a0ec6755
    https://www.surveyking.com/survey/3902

    https://paste.laravel.io/743ee6a5-bf4e-43be-b222-4df34137f1a8
    https://notes.io/wnEXk
    http://nopaste.ceske-hry.cz/411180
    http://ben-kiki.org/ypaste/data/112506/index.html
    https://jsbin.com/cujohukone/1
    https://www.posteezy.com/tktuktuktuktuk
    https://rentry.co/t8y8mzh5
    https://anotepad.com/notes/2as5ps9t
    https://sharetext.me/2rvoj6sblq
    https://tiny-paste.com/138203/
    https://paste.myst.rs/vjs76px6
    https://ivpaste.com/v/SM3GgR6MMH
    https://paste.thezomg.com/218315/08806172/
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/5afc0944
    https://onlinegdb.com/sC-D_EcCt
    https://bitbin.it/gh76RWPh/
    https://tempel.in/view/hco
    https://paiza.io/projects/SoGJ9Wxir3vAYpdvSFcToA
    https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/d1381139
    https://pastebin.com/AwSAz4KR
    https://paste.chapril.org/?478285e5594d1359#8nj6f3v9Nc6tjNxgNvhXs62uhAsvKEwfNGy5kuLZMyEQ
    https://paste.ofcode.org/5Anxhh28sM4LKHfpykyNrn
    https://paste.centos.org/view/a284dccf
    https://snippet.host/kxcbvk
    https://jsfiddle.net/ed63fu0t/
    https://paste.rs/F55LB.txt

  • PARFUM

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134920488792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134921340792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134922126792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134922756792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134923320792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134923752792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134924412792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134924412792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134923752792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134923320792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134922756792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134922126792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134921340792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134920488792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134934846792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134935542792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134936202792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134936766792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134937456792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134937966792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122134938578792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134938578792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134937966792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134937456792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134936766792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134936202792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134935542792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134934846792215&type=3

  • Arynn Addi

    Velotal Ingredients All About Nature
    https://www.facebook.com/Velotal/
    https://www.facebook.com/Velotal.Male.Enhancement/
    https://www.facebook.com/groups/elephantroot
    https://www.facebook.com/Elephant.Root.Male.Enhancement/
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1YkPsvBf7l3QnDFJlrkp6JiXkvq0KVqzz?usp=Root
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1CWR8MnUGdnZeHxhLwEzHuVt_zJQ1Mfwg?usp=Root
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1k9gSyasPdsbaFOFzYD2gAn9EbpXXVQGP?usp=Trick
    https://knowt.com/note/b54ebeef-1446-4380-bc3e-60d52041356d/Elephant-Root-Male-Enhancement—-Penis-E
    https://knowt.com/note/b1c5dc41-4b1d-495a-9b9a-2c1d20be0e52/Elephant-Root-Male-Enhancement—Can-The
    https://knowt.com/note/7360517d-3006-4b19-b7cc-d600a0196df1/Elephant-Root-Trick-For-Erectile-Dysfunc
    https://knowt.com/note/58b01f48-f60e-4b63-809d-0ad84c329a03/Power-Drops-Male-Enhancement-Reviews
    https://knowt.com/note/46efe95c-4a00-4bb3-b615-7685a02479d0/Power-Drops-Male-Enhancement-Can-They-H
    https://knowt.com/note/5d13424b-4e4f-4bf0-bdbe-f392259614cf/Power-Drops-Male-Enhancement-Can-They-D
    https://knowt.com/note/5cdefce6-0cd4-4d92-a716-83dbd16bc879/What-is-a-DDL-in-Male-Enhancement
    https://knowt.com/note/2c19d6c3-502c-4694-ab3c-39fee54dedf9/What-is-a-DDL-in-Male-Enhancement-Penis-
    https://knowt.com/note/51daff45-628c-4cfd-986e-eb1512ee8166/Velotal-Male-Enhancement-Review-Introdu
    https://knowt.com/note/8b917cf4-c405-4017-b682-078484dcc0aa/Velotal-Male-Enhancement-Refuel-Mens-He
    https://beast-force.us
    https://www.facebook.com/VMaxMaleEnhancementShop
    https://www.facebook.com/groups/vmaxmaleenhancementusareview/
    https://groups.google.com/g/vmax-maleenhancement-reviews
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1qSwXqfnUzemN4w3iCGYKr64o82StHFFN?usp=sharing
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1UCng8u8MYvJGeBTc3bavOyQzC13PN0o5?usp=sharing
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1hiA6wjGuvqm5LLKJfWk6txP2tqm05uMp?usp=sharing
    https://knowt.com/note/7a4d93e9-b3a4-4b5d-b067-1485c8c5bb72/VMax-Male-Enhancement-Reviews-Does-It-R
    https://knowt.com/note/8348eb7e-26ec-4d7e-8535-716b34872144/VMax-Male-Enhancement-Benefits-Side-Ef
    https://knowt.com/note/1497dcf6-62ab-46d7-800c-4ad780ac0391/Tablete-i-proizvodi-za-poveanje-penisa-
    https://knowt.com/note/f6fe69b7-ae88-488f-9b95-6758cdb793da/Kako-poveati-penis-u-Srbiji-Otkrivena-
    https://knowt.com/note/1497dcf6-62ab-46d7-800c-4ad780ac0391/Tablete-i-proizvodi-za-poveanje-penisa-
    https://knowt.com/note/f6fe69b7-ae88-488f-9b95-6758cdb793da/Kako-poveati-penis-u-Srbiji-Otkrivena-
    https://knowt.com/note/b079f8d5-91fa-42e6-9f26-cc8121910518/Cirurgia-de-Aumento-Peniano-no-Brasil-S
    https://knowt.com/note/e83afa17-845b-4cb9-aa18-c2068bc7b1c5/A-Tendncia-Crescente-da-Cirurgia-de-Aum
    https://www.facebook.com/Vitality.Male.Enhancement/
    https://www.facebook.com/Dietoxil.Gummies.Avis.FR/
    https://www.facebook.com/groups/dietoxilgummiesavistry/
    https://knowt.com/note/2366c833-ddaa-4a5c-913d-8cd5865e35f3/Dietoxil-Gummies-Avis-France-Effet-secon
    https://knowt.com/note/c286f550-ca2e-4622-8eb6-1fe064d16bfd/Dietoxil-Gummies-Avis-Ce-quils-Sont-Fo
    https://knowt.com/note/de8a376e-9a78-489e-ab46-40b85c77ed08/Dietoxil-Gummies-2025-Avis-Dcouvrez-Ce-
    https://www.italki.com/en/post/COLYpBKuMasGxrm1FJ6dia
    https://www.italki.com/en/post/COLYpBKuMasGxrm1FJ6dt4
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1pjwzLtrsWrb4JGGwZhLIG477rn0fw5IK?usp=Avis
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1MGAO2wWNC96ehi4_zwnBZBUIazSvwv0o?usp=Avis
    https://www.facebook.com/DietoxilGummiesAvis.2025
    https://www.facebook.com/groups/dietoxilgummiesavis2025/
    https://www.facebook.com/groups/dietoxilgummiesavisfr/
    https://sites.google.com/view/dietoxilgummiesavis/home
    https://sites.google.com/view/dietoxil-gummies-avis/home
    https://groups.google.com/g/dietoxil-gummies-avis
    https://knowt.com/note/9c93f148-ce3c-4c4f-ab91-8d1556e0c2b2/Dietoxil-Gummies-Avis-2025—Un-changeme
    https://knowt.com/note/df76309a-4938-444c-b019-b3b83845d3fa/Dietoxil-Gummies-pour-une-combustion-rap
    https://knowt.com/note/711644f3-a8ab-4bec-940f-44be3afc48fa/Dietoxil-Gummies-Avis—Perdez-du-poids-
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1h5rzmb05ghKwEnIUR5-cCEGO3Wpvgykq?usp=sharing
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1HHUE8z96riXP1MWyFhq-okj8SJF9U6YO?usp=sharing
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1YI44rnSCMsm3XJprtOx4N_HetSmpZ7HX?usp=sharing
    https://knowt.com/note/c4f41493-8ff0-4ba9-ad85-2b731c11c040/Velotal-Male-Enhancement-Review-Side-Ef
    https://knowt.com/note/5455756b-8e80-4086-9550-9f1bf0262bec/Velotal-Male-Enhancement-In-Penis-Enlarg
    https://knowt.com/note/5f01f23b-cc1e-47f7-97a0-6e2458b2ebd2/Velotal-Male-Enhancement-In-ED-Introduci
    https://www.facebook.com/groups/velotalinmaleenhancement
    https://www.facebook.com/groups/velotalmaleenhancementpills/
    https://www.italki.com/tr/post/L1BcMt6syxt2MWz3XDpvPh
    https://www.italki.com/tr/post/mnjHH3JG01CJ8U6TPIDGKe
    https://knowt.com/note/5deb0781-602b-4a9f-82ea-d6990a6ad2b5/Vigor-Xl-Male-Enhancement-Reviews-Side-
    https://knowt.com/note/48e8d60f-d60e-4a67-a7c7-d9dae1b9dac5/Vigor-XL-Male-Enhancement-A-Natural-Sol
    https://knowt.com/note/1843f72b-91bf-4def-b953-dd05f839b430/Vigor-Xl-Male-Enhancement-Best-Libido-Su
    https://www.italki.com/en/post/mnjHH3JG01CJ8U6TPIDMvo
    https://www.italki.com/en/post/0yDa5IpoXGMJSZfilgIIVW
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1qQst1hnd2jYbRRAKt7gRU_i0Vkik0Tf6?usp=vigor
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1Rp20wp_haKpgY5ixwOqcLdg8SLQpmfgF?usp=vigorgrooshgydthr@outlook.com

  • PARFUM

    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/1
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/2
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/3
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/4
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/5
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/6
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/7
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/8
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/9
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/10
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/11
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/12
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/13
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/14
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/15
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/16
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/17
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/18
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/19
    https://github.com/creamylate/YOU/issues/20
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/1
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/2
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/3
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/4
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/5
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/6
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/7
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/8
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/9
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/10
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/11
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/12
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/13
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/14
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/15
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/16
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/17
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/18
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/19
    https://github.com/Vanilalate/YOU/issues/20

  • PARFUM

    https://www.bitchute.com/video/z9A2WAQRbGUT
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/oCP9GPiFHMok
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/hfKdkBHzDCbF
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/2jlvFeVpdvi8
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/FkO2uisoBT3S
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/6DY4nyilkOWH
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/sd12hInaIpJN
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/TL2ls6TRLm0M
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/oOlZTmLcKsZw
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/sC6geoYWKaks
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/Osn83P6Ne7Bt
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/APpw7LUcnwAs
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/c1ZAiscGyFzN
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/zhymNanr31uI
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/eDQ0YcG5KkEu
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/BNerZVgltgkS
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/2rZIwpL8WSTo
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/LmzAF6aj8jbT
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/7fs46hbEJjbQ
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/xCPMzzuHFXgy
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/3AGcp85yvQnx
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/Ayn98p5D3b9O
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/uNPl6uumYLsx
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/XlmO956UEKyB
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/FqVWBO6olqQz
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/2YxlRb42ak8W
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/T6HPOw80bxYt
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/QUWBgvA5TQo4
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/rrYXnzE7occ5
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/TliFJjv3iHNc
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/RbOohsUJvY0L
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/iDu7l2kki4AP
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/dAr85BYpyFqF
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/TyPFC5hO8LM1
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/YJzExgwtPijB
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/PgGFJGj6jcYZ

  • PARFUM

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513234595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513354595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513486595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513558595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513678595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513774595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513858595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513858595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513774595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513678595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513558595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513486595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513354595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513234595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135514554595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135514644595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135514776595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135514866595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135514950595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135515052595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135515166595310
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135515166595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135515052595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135514950595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135514866595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135514776595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135514644595310&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135514554595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513234595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513354595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513486595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513558595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513678595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513774595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135513858595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513858595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513774595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513678595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513558595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513486595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513354595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135513234595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135514554595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135514644595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135514776595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135514866595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135514950595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135515052595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61567859314120&set=a.122135515166595310
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135515166595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135515052595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135514950595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135514866595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135514776595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135514644595310&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135514554595310&type=3

Leave a comment

BLOG