Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://unclefarming.outgrow.us/unclefarming-2
https://unclefarming834.outgrow.us/unclefarming834-2
https://unclefarming373.outgrow.us/unclefarming373-2
https://unclefarming675.outgrow.us/unclefarming675-2
https://unclefarming225.outgrow.us/unclefarming225-2
https://unclefarming894.outgrow.us/unclefarming894-2
https://unclefarming973.outgrow.us/unclefarming973-2
https://unclefarming315.outgrow.us/unclefarming315-2
https://unclefarming67.outgrow.us/unclefarming67-2
https://unclefarming967.outgrow.us/unclefarming967-2
https://unclefarming810.outgrow.us/unclefarming810-2
https://unclefarming186.outgrow.us/unclefarming186-2
https://unclefarming14.outgrow.us/unclefarming14-2
https://unclefarming18.outgrow.us/unclefarming18-2
https://unclefarming228.outgrow.us/unclefarming228-2
https://himeliois6.outgrow.us/himeliois6-2
https://himeliois6150.outgrow.us/himeliois6150-2
https://himeliois6821.outgrow.us/himeliois6821-2
https://himeliois6787.outgrow.us/himeliois6787-2
https://himeliois6465.outgrow.us/himeliois6465-2
https://himeliois6190.outgrow.us/himeliois6190-2
https://himeliois656.outgrow.us/himeliois656-2
https://himeliois6402.outgrow.us/himeliois6402-2
https://himeliois672.outgrow.us/himeliois672-2
https://himeliois6889.outgrow.us/himeliois6889-2
https://himeliois6220.outgrow.us/himeliois6220-2
https://himeliois6927.outgrow.us/himeliois6927-2
https://himeliois6658.outgrow.us/himeliois6658-2
https://himeliois6311.outgrow.us/himeliois6311-2
https://himeliois6164.outgrow.us/himeliois6164-2
https://kingsaemael.outgrow.us/kingsaemael-2
https://kingsaemael159.outgrow.us/kingsaemael159-2
https://kingsaemael434.outgrow.us/kingsaemael434-2
https://kingsaemael511.outgrow.us/kingsaemael511-2
https://kingsaemael774.outgrow.us/kingsaemael774-2
https://kingsaemael619.outgrow.us/kingsaemael619-2
https://kingsaemael468.outgrow.us/kingsaemael468-2
https://kingsaemael301.outgrow.us/kingsaemael301-2
https://kingsaemael736.outgrow.us/kingsaemael736-2
https://kingsaemael893.outgrow.us/kingsaemael893-2
https://kingsaemael288.outgrow.us/kingsaemael288-2
https://kingsaemael714.outgrow.us/kingsaemael714-2
https://kingsaemael816.outgrow.us/kingsaemael816-2
https://kingsaemael565.outgrow.us/kingsaemael565-2
https://kingsaemael49.outgrow.us/kingsaemael49-2
http://taylorhicks.ning.com/photo/albums/rwyjwryjrjrjy
http://playit4ward-sanantonio.ning.com/photo/albums/tuktku
https://www.theprose.com/post/828311/teuktektuektektuk
https://txt.fyi/78da250c6882db93
https://txt.fyi/f62cb291d24d0d03
https://txt.fyi/22f227cc1ea1ba74
https://namelessmc.com/forum/topic/8935-teuktekuteukteuktuk/
https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/7573e6b3b334a05b2f1f0a918faa8725d4f35750d3ba336f95b03643c1262d60
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/3362/etktkutktku
https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/2522/tetekteukteuket
https://toirscript.com/topic/2929/etktketektekkte
https://forum.realdigital.org/d/51279-etktektektketek
https://forum.instube.com/d/127039-etukteukteukteuk
http://opensource.platon.org/forum/projects/viewtopic.php?p=12645835#12645835
https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/etktkteuk.481070/
https://forum.gamestategames.com/d/4481-teetkteukteuktukektu
https://diendannhansu.com/threads/rwrwyjrwjyrwyjrwyj.536062/
https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/116206-teuteketketkteku
http://www.limesucks.com/thread/ettuktekteuktku/
https://www.ofurea.com/forum/thread/2911/tektukteuketuktuetek/
https://www.snibc.co.uk/fusion/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=9991
https://kitemunity.com/forums/topic/8244/wryjrwyjrwyjrwyjrwyj/view/post_id/90550
https://www.yeuthucung.com/threads/rwyryjryjryjryjy.493027/
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/126462-tuektukteuktku
https://doc.clickup.com/9018117031/p/h/8crb2x7-4258/b12bd611c958fd1
https://www.surveyking.com/survey/3897
https://mypaste.fun/lori1nbzmv
https://paste.laravel.io/b5fb1919-f3ad-4438-8270-39a94156d327
https://notes.io/wnEZu
http://nopaste.ceske-hry.cz/411181
http://ben-kiki.org/ypaste/data/112507/index.html
https://jsbin.com/jahaqehipo
https://www.posteezy.com/rwjryjrwywryjyrwj
https://rentry.co/fv54znss
https://anotepad.com/notes/4qfeewm5
https://sharetext.me/wkybsvb2no
https://tiny-paste.com/138204/
https://paste.myst.rs/9nd4vm5i
https://ivpaste.com/v/R1Cs5AiF0O
https://paste.thezomg.com/218316/47093121/
https://paste.intergen.online/view/119777b6
https://onlinegdb.com/LJ0mJkqpS
https://bitbin.it/HUZ9W5cT/
https://tempel.in/view/UcC7JbN
https://paiza.io/projects/Wy_VWs0GNVkpiFVJ8vAYBA
https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/5aa25676
https://pastebin.com/e88n6F7Y
https://paste.chapril.org/?4f8528c296056eb6#A8kZS8j4JeW42BuSDckDUwu6uwH3w5b8WbWQk8FcqrE5
https://paste.ofcode.org/RjYbv624XhLTnJia9Zpfwn
https://paste.centos.org/view/c38c683a
https://snippet.host/goozyr
https://jsfiddle.net/rLznodjt/
https://paste.rs/7cJvX.txt
https://linktr.ee/wakukov
https://tewakdeui.hashnode.dev/ce-nest-pas-quils-ne-veulent-pas-la-juventus-ne-peut-pas-virer-massimiliano-allegri
https://noti.st/tewakdeui
https://tewaks-marvelous.webflow.io/
https://www.buymeacoffee.com/tewakdeuiR/les-espoirs-de-juventini-de-voir-massimiliano-allegri-limoge
https://techplanet.today/post/ce-nest-pas-quils-ne-veulent-pas-la-juventus-ne-peut-pas-virer-massimiliano-allegri
https://party.biz/blogs/117196/166555/homme-du-match-lyon-vs-psg-lionel-messi
https://flote.app/post/c37f24d4-b6ae-4257-b81d-f3ab7a3dac1b
https://telegra.ph/Le-PSG-doit-%C3%AAtre-vigilant-le-Real-Madrid-se-joindra-%C3%A0-la-traque-de-Milan-Skriniar-09-18
https://kaalama.org/read-blog/176990
https://www.zintro.com/profile/zi425c0467?ref=
https://naijacontacts.com/topics/view/38009
https://www.ijimai.org/journal/user/43062
https://app.roll20.net/users/10873783/cux-y
https://startupmatcher.com/p/xufumxufum
https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/comment/view/10956/14001/54417
https://theprose.com/post/515141/debfvuyerwb-hrwgvwgbwuid
https://mymediads.com/articles/152135?new_advert=true
https://bitbin.it/ejDVkciV/
https://justpaste.me/a5DX
https://pastehere.xyz/ohnUybe1r/
https://backlinktool.io/p/9umaZF4tbY0xseOXKaWh.html
https://www.ulule.com/masdani233/
https://forum.wearejames.com/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=22164
https://gab.com/marketplace/item/109022714544268865
https://rabbitroom.com/members/tewakdeui/profile/
https://dotnetfiddle.net/UL8YLe
https://tewaksport1.blogspot.com/2022/09/mikel-arteta-tak-sabar-reuni-dengan.html
https://tewaksport2.blogspot.com/2022/09/arteta-menanggapi-bahwa-menurutnya.html
https://tewaksport3.blogspot.com/2022/09/man-of-match-brentford-vs-arsenal.html
https://tewaksport4.blogspot.com/2022/09/jadwal-lengkap-premier-league-20222023.html
https://tewaksport5.blogspot.com/2022/09/fakta-dan-statistik-pralaga-premier.html
https://bolatewak.blogspot.com/2022/09/butuh-assist-panggil-kevin-de-bruyne.html
https://bolatewak1.blogspot.com/2022/09/predator-sejak-tinggalkan-salzburg.html
https://bolatewak2.blogspot.com/2022/09/2-contoh-pemain-sepak-bola-modern-fede.html
https://bolatewak3.blogspot.com/2022/09/rodrygo-tidak-ada-yang-bisa-gantikan.html
https://bolatewak4.blogspot.com/2022/09/pujian-diego-simeone-jadi-bukti-betapa.html
https://bolatewak5.blogspot.com/2022/09/rapor-pemain-real-madrid-saat-bekuk.html
https://tewaksports.blogspot.com/2022/09/real-madrid-musim-20222023-9-laga-9.html
https://tewaksports1.blogspot.com/2022/09/dicari-tim-yang-bisa-kalahkan-real.html
https://tewaksports2.blogspot.com/2022/09/4-pemain-real-madrid-dengan-rating.html
https://tewaksports3.blogspot.com/2022/09/hasil-lengkap-dan-klasemen-kualifikasi.html
https://tewaksports4.blogspot.com/2022/09/tak-sampai-24-jam-usai-loloskan-timnas.html
https://tewaksports5.blogspot.com/2022/09/4-pemain-bintang-yang-dibeli-real.html
https://tewaksports6.blogspot.com/2022/09/man-of-match-atletico-madrid-vs-real.html
https://tewaksports7.blogspot.com/2022/09/mustahil-liverpool-diyakini-tak-bakal.html
https://tewaksports8.blogspot.com/2022/09/wahai-vinicius-junior-teruslah-berdansa.html
https://tewaksports9.blogspot.com/2022/09/vinicius-terlalu-arogan-dan-gampang.html
https://tewaksports10.blogspot.com/2022/09/pertanyaan-untuk-ancelotti-hazard-makin.html
https://vk.com/749416521-one-piece-film-red-fr https://vk.com/749123946-vostfr-one-piece-film-red-streaming-vf2022-fr-complet-entier
https://vk.com/749123946-hd-4k https://vk.com/749123946-one-piece-film-red-streaming-vf-en-francais-vostfr-fr
https://vk.com/749123946-top-gun-maverick-streaming-vf-fr-complet-vostfr-2022 https://vk.com/749123946-top-gun-maverick-streaming-vf-en-francais-vostfr-fr
https://vk.com/749123946-one-piece-film-red-streaming-vf2022-fr-complet-entier-franca https://vk.com/749123946-regarder-one-piece-film-red-streaming-vf2022-fr-complet-enti
https://vk.com/749123946-voir-one-piece-film-red-streaming-vf-en-francais-vostfr https://vk.com/749123946-jujutsu-kaisen-0-streaming-vf2022-fr-complet-entier-francais
https://vk.com/749123946-dragon-ball-super-super-hero-streaming-vf2022-fr-complet-ent https://vk.com/749416521-one-piece-film-red-fr
https://vk.com/749416521-dragon-ball-super-super-hero-streaming-vf-en-francais-vostfr https://vk.com/749416521-dragon-ball-super-super-hero-vostfr
https://vk.com/749416521-dragon-ball-super-super-hero-streaming-vf2022-fr-complet-ent https://vk.com/749416521-vostfr-dragon-ball-super-super-hero-streaming-vf2022-fr-comp
https://vk.com/749416521-regarder-dragon-ball-super-super-hero-streaming-vf2022-fr-co https://vk.com/749416521-voir-dragon-ball-super-super-hero-streaming-vf2022-fr-comple
https://vk.com/749416521-voir-dragon-ball-super-super-hero-streaming-vf-en-francais-v https://vk.com/749416521-dragon-ball-super-hero-streaming-vf-en-francais-vostfr
https://vk.com/749416521-dragon-ball-super-super-hero https://vk.com/749416521-dragon-ball-super-super-hero-streaming-vf-fr-complet-vostf
https://zh.ayachujo.com/profile-1/one-piece-red-streaming-vf-fr/profile
https://zh.ayachujo.com/profile-1/one-piece-film-red-streaming-vf-2022-fr-complet-entier-francais/profile
https://zh.ayachujo.com/profile-1/vostfr-one-piece-film-red-streaming-vf-2022-fr-complet-entier-francais-hd/profile
https://zh.ayachujo.com/profile-1/top-gun-maverick-streaming-vf-en-francais-vostfr-fr/profile
https://zh.ayachujo.com/profile-1/one-piece-film-red-streaming-vf-en-francais-vostfr-fr/profile
https://zh.ayachujo.com/profile-1/top-gun-maverick-streaming-vf-fr-complet-vostfr-2022/profile
https://www.endezo-it.com/2022/09/captain-america-new-world-orders.html
https://www.49erssports.com/2022/09/champions-league-streaming-link-in_14.html
https://tewaksport.blogspot.com/2022/09/link-streaming-liga-champions-di-vidio.html
https://dotnetfiddle.net/AfRrmi
https://jsfiddle.net/tewakdeui/vu3skLgz/
https://ctxt.io/2/AAAQHPQHEw
https://yamcode.com/yiink2i4cm
https://coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/95df1fb7163be7fc
https://apaste.info/Jpd3
https://paste.rs/2A1
https://notes.io/qd8fz
https://paste.toolforge.org/view/405e64ee
https://onlinegdb.com/EnxzkMAwS
https://pasteio.com/x6apks9KGaw8
https://paste.ee/p/RLb5w
https://pastebin.com/k8gPC0JD
https://pastelink.net/fvh3vt2y
http://paste.jp/b1bddf1b/
https://www.pastery.net/wgbbqq/
https://justpaste.it/32uu8
https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/37e06ca6
http://pastebin.falz.net/2414314
https://paste.laravel.io/add53d80-1eee-4ca5-a684-24dedd8285ca
https://paste2.org/PgE6UDpC
https://bitbin.it/ICyzoYHG/
https://justpaste.me/Yksj
https://paste.md-5.net/zelumeciwa.cpp
https://paste.artemix.org/-/HaeVzY
https://paste.mozilla.org/7BtMDwzM
Leave a comment