sustainability · 4562 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://gamma.app/public/Ver-1212-La-batalla-de-Las-Navas-de-Tolosa-2023-Pelicula-Completa-dz5t1e8k3f0kl6n
    https://gamma.app/public/VER-1212-La-batalla-de-Las-Navas-de-Tolosa-Pelicula-Completa-Espa-46ohpgyjtzrzpw9
    https://gamma.app/public/VER-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-Pelicula-Completa-Espanol-y-Latino-1yp1rufja4b4gij
    https://gamma.app/public/REPELIS-HD-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-Pelicula-COMPLETA-Online-Gratis-jm7y2k4bimtb5ge
    https://gamma.app/public/CUEVANA-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-2023-Pelicula-Completa-Online-Espa-4btfrht00qyj72w
    https://gamma.app/public/VER-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-PELICULA-COMPLETA-2023-EN-ESPANOL-LATI-mmrycbyu152rllk
    https://gamma.app/public/Ver-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-2023-Pelicula-Completa-Espanol-uof733bos6lzfbv
    https://gamma.app/public/VER-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-Pelicula-Completa-Espanol-y-Latino-202-9pjkprqubqbpyxk
    https://gamma.app/public/Five-Nights-at-Freddys-Movie-HD-1080P-visualizacao-online—-versa-sky7e2ddr2ddb3x
    https://gamma.app/public/Five-Nights-at-Freddys-Assistir-a-versao-completa-online-2023Assi-qiqnedkamtm8u71
    https://gamma.app/public/Assistir-versao-completa-em-HD-de-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-online—-04afpdgn1rtxrsf
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-1f5qe3syqsoug42
    https://gamma.app/public/Linha-de-streaming-on-line-gratuita-de-alta-definicao-Five-Nights-zc49rzi60er61yn

  • esges

    https://gamma.app/public/—26-2023-FULLHD-1080P-a5tpzvf765j5w97
    https://gamma.app/public/Detective-Conan-Black-Iron-Submarine-26—2023-HD1080p-THAI-joo025dgvzgkgbl
    https://gamma.app/public/-Detective-Conan-Black-Iron-Submarine-26-2023—rzg7hgxilje5dfh
    https://gamma.app/public/—Detective-Conan-Black-Iron-Submarine-26—2023-HD-1080p-f72gsvhzpelplcd
    https://gamma.app/public/-HD-26-2023-SUB—0×81d59pu03px2b
    https://groups.google.com/g/th-26—fullhd/c/Pxr6ljmEKaQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/—detective-conan-black-iron-submarine-2023/c/eWXiT2y5kis
    https://groups.google.com/g/—detective-conan-black-iron-submarine-th/c/gABWZgHKchQ
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1tkVvGgkwxgmvkUgdEYipjjR-SF6daSmx
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/b24e1b97-5f00-4fbb-81b1-40b675a701c4
    https://eventsframe.com/e/uc75zh5K0/26-2023-thai-sub/
    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/6592865246380032/
    https://groups.google.com/g/-assistir-hd—trolls-3-juntos-novamente-2023-filme-completo/c/xsny7oUIQXU
    https://gamma.app/public/Assistir-Trolls-3-Juntos-Novamente-2023-Filme-Completo-Online-Dub-5d5bjeppb37wfi7
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/d5254f2b-cc9b-4236-8dff-906f80564075
    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/5061629436755968/
    https://groups.google.com/g/trolls-3-juntos-novamente-2023-filme-completo-online/c/cFVaDfXoyl4
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/14t2AyafiAtHTNH56O_NPqA6pdiQn4ttU
    https://gamma.app/public/-ASSISTIR-HD-Trolls-3-Juntos-Novamente-2023-filme-completo-Dublad-2g8l4azips449xa
    https://eventsframe.com/e/tbMLI1AgU/assistir-trolls-3-juntos-novamente-a-online-2023-filme-completo-dublado-em-portugues/
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/249caea6-3e40-4f0a-b779-4f621e97544c
    https://groups.google.com/g/trolls-3-juntos-novamente-pt-2023filme-completo-dublado/c/hELav81Rv48v
    https://groups.google.com/g/trolls-3-juntos-novamente-pt-2023filme-completo-dublado/c/2UilvTkyjrs
    https://groups.google.com/g/trolls-3-juntos-novamente-pt-2023filme-completo-dublado/c/SsAKD1Fz_78

  • esghdrhjdtj

    https://gamma.app/public/—26-2023-FULLHD-1080P-a5tpzvf765j5w97
    https://gamma.app/public/Detective-Conan-Black-Iron-Submarine-26—2023-HD1080p-THAI-joo025dgvzgkgbl
    https://gamma.app/public/-Detective-Conan-Black-Iron-Submarine-26-2023—rzg7hgxilje5dfh
    https://gamma.app/public/—Detective-Conan-Black-Iron-Submarine-26—2023-HD-1080p-f72gsvhzpelplcd
    https://gamma.app/public/-HD-26-2023-SUB—0×81d59pu03px2b
    https://groups.google.com/g/th-26—fullhd/c/Pxr6ljmEKaQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/—detective-conan-black-iron-submarine-2023/c/eWXiT2y5kis
    https://groups.google.com/g/—detective-conan-black-iron-submarine-th/c/gABWZgHKchQ
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1tkVvGgkwxgmvkUgdEYipjjR-SF6daSmx
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/b24e1b97-5f00-4fbb-81b1-40b675a701c4
    https://eventsframe.com/e/uc75zh5K0/26-2023-thai-sub/
    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/6592865246380032/
    https://groups.google.com/g/-assistir-hd—trolls-3-juntos-novamente-2023-filme-completo/c/xsny7oUIQXU
    https://gamma.app/public/Assistir-Trolls-3-Juntos-Novamente-2023-Filme-Completo-Online-Dub-5d5bjeppb37wfi7
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/d5254f2b-cc9b-4236-8dff-906f80564075
    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/5061629436755968/
    https://groups.google.com/g/trolls-3-juntos-novamente-2023-filme-completo-online/c/cFVaDfXoyl4
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/14t2AyafiAtHTNH56O_NPqA6pdiQn4ttU
    https://gamma.app/public/-ASSISTIR-HD-Trolls-3-Juntos-Novamente-2023-filme-completo-Dublad-2g8l4azips449xa
    https://eventsframe.com/e/tbMLI1AgU/assistir-trolls-3-juntos-novamente-a-online-2023-filme-completo-dublado-em-portugues/
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/249caea6-3e40-4f0a-b779-4f621e97544c
    https://groups.google.com/g/trolls-3-juntos-novamente-pt-2023filme-completo-dublado/c/hELav81Rv48v
    https://groups.google.com/g/trolls-3-juntos-novamente-pt-2023filme-completo-dublado/c/2UilvTkyjrs
    https://groups.google.com/g/trolls-3-juntos-novamente-pt-2023filme-completo-dublado/c/SsAKD1Fz_78

  • gdfgfd

    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-Sound-of-Freedom-StreamingVF-entier-Francais-VOSTFR-COMPLET-lo364pam7qozh8r
    https://gamma.app/public/REGARDER-Sound-of-Freedom-2023-FILM-COMPLET-EN-LIGNE-ET-SOUS-STRE-3dcbbc87tf590c8
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-i85n9loo5y600ap
    https://gamma.app/public/Sound-of-Freedom-Regardez-en-ligne-version-complete-FULL-HD-2023-v393icpy9f339db
    https://gamma.app/public/Sound-of-Freedom—Regarder-en-ligne-2023-version-complete-heiz4jj8496pwwi
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-yhpp4lk947v2b1g
    https://gamma.app/public/—HD-THAI-SUB-6jhv88fwxymvxh6
    https://gamma.app/public/-2023-HD-THAI-vijol5absa8b6g5
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-bzx9s6c8ks4p4tq
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-g0zgjlj767bw0rd
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-4fps9q2qfshfepp
    https://gamma.app/public/TW-2022—-4K-1080p-1jn277emim1a057
    https://gamma.app/public/-20221080P-xjvk7ijd00dgdpc
    https://gamma.app/public/——HD-4K-2023-cejsbr33s7tyjug
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-3css3nqumxkrigq
    https://gamma.app/public/-Tee-Yod—-202-THAI-mi715mur534hfhs
    https://gamma.app/public/-2022-HD4K-k5y5k3t6ny6jvvk
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-c620pk94ua18wcu
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    https://gamma.app/public/-Tee-Yod—2023-1080i-rtyna970kneqi8q
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-en-Streaming-VF-en-Francais-VOSTFR-CO-gsoo70l7oaf5cvy
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-Five-Nights-At-Freddys-FILMS-Streaming-VF-FR-Complet-en-fran-duj201pm4a3bjk5
    https://gamma.app/public/VOSTFR-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-Film-Complet-Streaming-VF-En-Franca-3ngpswlu8gv5jfq
    https://gamma.app/public/FILM-COMPLET-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-2023-Streaming-VF-Gratuit-en—opxgeu3lrb8zf1q
    https://gamma.app/public/-VOIR-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-FILMS-Streaming-VF-FR-Complet-en-fra-mnnal5dtat3bv32
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-en-Streaming-VF-en-Francais-VOSTFR-CO-mpr45fpskos3n75

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