sustainability · 5483 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

5484 comments

Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!

  • ryjwrjjry

    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-10-vidas-PELICULA-COMPLETA-/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Longlegs-PELICULA-COMPLETA-/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Alien-Romulus-PELICULA-COMP/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Los-mundos-de-Coraline-PELI/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Odio-el-verano-PELICULA-COM/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Parpadea-dos-veces-PELICULA/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-MaXXXine-PELICULA-COMPLETA-/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Isla-perdida-Haunted-Heart-/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-El-mayordomo-ingles-PELICUL/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Antes-era-divertido-PELICUL/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Silver-Haze-PELICULA-COMPLE/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Buffalo-Kids-PELICULA-COMPL/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-La-mujer-del-presidente-PEL/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-The-Sweet-East-PELICULA-COM/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Niegalo-siempre-PELICULA-CO/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-El-Conde-de-Montecristo-PEL/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Cuerpo-escombro-PELICULA-CO/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Borderlands-El-destino-del-/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-La-trampa-PELICULA-COMPLETA/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Gru-4-Mi-villano-favorito-P/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Bikeriders-La-ley-del-asfal/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Fly-Me-to-the-Moon-PELICULA/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Twisters-PELICULA-COMPLETA-/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Padre-no-hay-mas-que-uno-4-/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Deadpool-y-Lobezno-PELICULA/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-El-cuervo-PELICULA-COMPLETA/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Diabolica-PELICULA-COMPLETA/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Un-regalo-para-papa-y-mama-/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Volvereis-PELICULA-COMPLETA/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Hellboy-The-Crooked-Man-PEL/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Heroes-de-Central-Park-PELI/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Bonnard-el-pintor-y-la-musa/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-El-eco-PELICULA-COMPLETA-ON/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Romper-el-circulo-PELICULA-/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Del-reves-2-Inside-Out-2-PE/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Casa-en-llamas-PELICULA-COM/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Una-madre-de-Tokio-PELICULA/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-El-monje-y-el-rifle-PELICUL/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Un-lugar-comun-PELICULA-COM/
    https://os.mbed.com/teams/PelisplusVer-Que-la-fiesta-continue-PELI/

    https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/605eb436b98afd900beed693c1b99a3bcb71311913212117d09ee1b5463a0693
    https://www.surveyking.com/survey/2821
    https://doc.clickup.com/9018117031/p/h/8crb2x7-4058/52ae54d06f0f1b6
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/121609-tuketktuktuktukk
    https://www.yeuthucung.com/threads/tuektuktueketuktuktu.487305/
    https://kitemunity.com/forums/topic/8012/tuekttuktuktuktuktuk/view/post_id/90310
    https://www.snibc.co.uk/fusion/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=9674
    https://www.tadalive.com/blog/395822/uktuktuektuktuktuktuk/
    https://www.ofurea.com/forum/thread/2845/wryyjjyrywjryjryjryjyjr/
    http://www.limesucks.com/thread/etuktktktuktktuk/
    https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/112289-tuektuktuktuktuk
    https://diendannhansu.com/threads/tuketktktukktuktuktuk.523682/
    https://forum.gamestategames.com/d/3843-ryjryjrywjrjryj
    https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/tuketktektktuk.479902/
    https://www.zephyraxis.com/wall/blogs/47059/kuktukktuektkttuk
    http://opensource.platon.org/forum/projects/viewtopic.php?p=12642577#12642577
    https://forum.instube.com/d/122886-yjrywrwjryjrywjryjw
    https://forum.realdigital.org/d/48097-rwryjrwyjrjrwyjryj
    https://toirscript.com/topic/2409/ktektuktektuktuk
    https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/1835/rywyjrjrwyjryjrywj
    https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/2599/ktektkutuektuktukktu
    https://forum.freedom-for-icinga.com/topic/2335/ttuketuktktuktuk

  • Hidayaturrahman

    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155026848
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155092013
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155068477
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155028829

    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155086706
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155080868
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155065853
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155061510
    .
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155061537
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155083546
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155020628
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155094021

    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155068436
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155063754
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155022054
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155028889
    .
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155020680
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155020685
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155099004
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155020346

    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155044338
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155061547
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155040052
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155042815
    .
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155092784
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155068428
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155094089
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155040071

    https://www.passes.com/springsteenfilme
    https://www.passes.com/springsteendublado

    https://www.passes.com/sempretufilme
    https://www.passes.com/sempretudublado

    https://www.passes.com/ofantasmadecanterville
    https://www.passes.com/ofantasmadecantervillefilme

    https://www.passes.com/osnovosvizinhosfilme
    https://www.passes.com/osnovosvizinhosdublado

    https://www.passes.com/chainsawmanfilme
    https://www.passes.com/chainsawmandublado

    https://www.passes.com/ofilmearcodarezefilme
    https://www.passes.com/ofilmearcodarezedublado

    https://www.passes.com/gekijobanchensofilme
    https://www.passes.com/gekijobanchenso

  • Hidayaturrahman

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139655184889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139655100889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139654968889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139654860889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139654776889864&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139656294889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139656210889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139656084889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139656006889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139655940889864&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122140614608907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122140614590907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122140614578907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122140614566907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122140614560907357&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122140616186907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122140616102907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122140616006907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122140615886907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122140615808907357&type=3

  • Hidayaturrahman

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135875952942836&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135875814942836&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135883224942836&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135883128942836&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135883938942836&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135883848942836&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135885390942836&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135885294942836&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122149722428874036&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122149722302874036&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122149728152874036&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122149728182874036&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122149729082874036&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122149729070874036&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122149729778874036&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122149729688874036&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122149730882874036&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122149730804874036&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122155687700605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122155687604605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122155689068605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122155688984605591&type=3

  • Hidayaturrahman

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122171490632792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122171490614792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122171490602792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122171490584792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122171490566792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122171490560792215&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122171492594792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122171492498792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122171492402792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122171492312792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122171492246792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122171492102792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122136432242900521&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122136432440900521&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122136432974900521&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122136432872900521&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122136432764900521&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122136432662900521&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134840232907517&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134840106907517&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134840016907517&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134839902907517&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134839704907517&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122134839602907517&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139242816907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139242810907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139242798907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139242390907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139242288907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122139242144907357&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122133802736907517&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122133802640907517&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122133802466907517&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122133802070907517&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122133802064907517&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122133802052907517&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122138786492869670&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122138786480869670&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122138786462869670&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122138786084869670&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122138785772869670&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122138785754869670&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135237780900521&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135237666900521&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135237558900521&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135237402900521&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135237288900521&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135237198900521&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122138454944889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122138454926889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122138454686889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122138454302889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122138454164889864&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122138454080889864&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132309816935619&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132309582935619&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132309414935619&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132308742935619&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132308640935619&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132308544935619&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122154522368605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122154522350605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122154522338605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122154522056605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122154522032605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122154521864605591&type=3

  • Hidayaturrahman

    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155127684
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155104964
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155173492
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155772157
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155779689
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155170578
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155788460
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155108430
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155108435
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155170510
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155179485
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155168919
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155785618
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155102848
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155112390
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155780237
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155179487
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155754570
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155772151
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155104969
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155754575
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155788421
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155176447
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155125294
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155168938
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155754513
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155156077
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155100421
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155780260
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155179903
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155783655
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155787244
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155754516
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155110801
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155168939
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155112399
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155173482
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155785631
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155176441
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155793955
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155725384
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155175825
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155175849
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155173953
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155174207
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155175848
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155754560
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155127272
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155105216
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155174201
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155788446
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155174203
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155156018
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155789926
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155179972
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155179974
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155772117
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155110852
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155783671
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155179979
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155112606
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155156030
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155789922
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155793913
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155785628
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155110878
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155772139
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155727399
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155785640
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155780245
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155177982
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155125406
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155779237
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155152625
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155125402
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155110810
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155108499
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155754525
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155121649
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155153536
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155727398
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155774444
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155168995
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155170529
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155127233
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155725639
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155793937
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155783614
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155727384
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155175085
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155121698
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155171429
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155781237
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155725638
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155727389
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155156021
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155105260
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155727388
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155152645
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155152640
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155785648
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155772162
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155152647
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155787451
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155156023
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155772128
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155125472
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155127266
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155179962
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155110863
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155788956
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155104856
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155787474
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155177852
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155173962
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155104011
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155100959
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155120485
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155175505
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155785681
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155774900
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155108951
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155121205
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155152685
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155170587
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155334627/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155382975/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155334524/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155631175/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155334121/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155323635/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155608247/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155382872/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155334622/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155382474/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155382817/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155360056/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155384013/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155388943/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155384019/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155334349/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155334627/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155382975/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155334524/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155631175/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155334121/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155323635/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155608247/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155382872/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155334622/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155382474/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155382817/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155360056/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155384013/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155388943/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155384019/copy/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4155334349/copy/
    https://www.facebook.com/BattleThroughtheHeavensThaisubtitles
    https://band.link/tunshixingkong_th
    https://band.link/swallowedstar_th
    https://band.link/tunshixingkong_thai
    https://band.link/tunshixingkongthai
    https://band.link/swallowedstarthai
    https://band.link/swallowedstar_thai
    https://band.link/rw374
    https://band.link/0KQ5V
    https://band.link/2tkW2
    https://band.link/be472
    https://band.link/HNn2J
    https://band.link/Zv4wj

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101844511056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101844517056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101844529056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101844541056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101844565056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101846173056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101846185056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101846203056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101846221056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101846239056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101849131056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101849137056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101849167056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101849197056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101849143056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101854375056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101854381056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101854393056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101854405056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101854423056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101857075056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101857087056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101857093056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101857099056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101857111056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101858923056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101858941056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101858947056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101858959056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101858995056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101860657056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101860663056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101860675056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101860699056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101860705056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101863405056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101863411056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101863645056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101863651056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101863669056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101866963056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101867173056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101867155056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101867173056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101867131056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101866975056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101867155056095&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100041667058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100041739058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100041823058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100042063058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100042879058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100045063058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100045141058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100045165058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100045219058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100045249058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100046293058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100046311058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100046341058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100046383058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100046455058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100047685058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100048015058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100048135058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100048195058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100048219058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100051087058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100051135058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100051159058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100051291058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100051333058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100052869058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100052893058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100052923058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100052983058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100053025058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100054165058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100054255058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100054255058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100054291058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100054321058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100055491058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100055605058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100055623058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100055701058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100055755058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100056013058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100056301058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100058083058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100058107058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100058149058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100058185058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100060567058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100059325058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100059301058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100059265058563&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100059235058563&type=3

Leave a comment

BLOG