sustainability · 4659 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-TW-HD1080p-4k-pvzlhtvrkp56izt
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-edat9b50q0fkq1p
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-2024-twnfy4oodoewn99
    https://gamma.app/public/shining-for-one-thing-1080P-HDTW-g85w76mhpnbgved
    https://gamma.app/public/shining-for-one-thing-TW-HD1080p-4k-am2b0p6no0xy8wh
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-1o2m2uc3wrdbm25
    https://gamma.app/public/shining-for-one-thing-2023-jas91wdzurxjaq4
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-shining-for-one-thing—4xyp4ifig4y7uxi
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-1080P-HDTW-iv1jt5mw9jmx0v0
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-TW-HD1080p-4k-nyt0bjxqio9xj2j
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-o2o338v0xe1x2ic
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-The-Beekeeper—u3b46vbljwpdt51
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-2024-wy4jmjzxsni2tr9
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-1080P-HDTW-k8xocn3lr7h9hpx
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-TW-HD1080p-4k-bo8z31gea8qmbjj
    https://gamma.app/public/3-2024-HD-fezdi7okvo97czv
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-2023-54cj2zfc28imujh
    https://gamma.app/public/3-2023-If-You-Are-the-One-III—2hmlys2om1q60mq
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-1080P-HDTW-dzezk259d2734f7
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-TW-HD1080p-4k-dbpirxfgnp6645f
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-ci3p9g0152bpr16
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-2023-1jk95qevzr1p0eb
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Night-Falls—5dk2cv5xgqppchw

  • sdfs

    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-beekeeper—1080p-hdtw/c/FpnAyO6u0p0
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-beekeeper—tw-hd1080p-4k/c/Cv0e8dgGn8c
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-beekeeper-2023/c/47mSmzTfJg0
    https://groups.google.com/g/——2023—the-beekeeper-/c/Yz5EcDgct5A
    https://groups.google.com/g/-night-falls—1080p-hdtw/c/88g3B1ZxNC0
    https://groups.google.com/g/-night-falls—tw-hd1080p-4k/c/9D83vIHhico
    https://groups.google.com/g/-night-falls-2023/c/q7eeWlwhu5s
    https://groups.google.com/g/—rob—roll—1080p-hd/c/N3-rJJQOoxw
    https://groups.google.com/g/—rob—roll—tw-hd1080p-4k/c/TnVdwBOFE-c
    https://groups.google.com/g/—rob—roll-2023hd/c/GM-tfT1qUL8
    https://groups.google.com/g/——-2023—rob—roll-/c/wAAkeXL13gs
    https://groups.google.com/g/—han-dan—1080p-hd/c/vLezOBmBJ5k
    https://groups.google.com/g/—han-dan—tw-hd1080p-/c/ng7VJ_5-dVI
    https://groups.google.com/g/—han-dan-2023hd/c/l-XqLDkkIrA
    https://groups.google.com/g/——-2023—han-dan-/c/kTwvRUEXOgY
    https://groups.google.com/g/-xem-phim-mt-v-ong-2024-full-hd-vietsub/c/cBADY1vyS6E
    https://groups.google.com/g/vitsub-full-hd-xem-phim-mt-v-ong—2024/c/X2sck0fUNXw
    https://groups.google.com/g/xem-phim-mt-v-ong-2024-4k-full—vietsub/c/N6DqW6s8gHc
    https://groups.google.com/g/xem-phim-mt-v-ong-2024-vitsub-full-trc-tuyn-min-ph-hd-1080p/c/Xy4L99kLEa0
    https://groups.google.com/g/voir-un-coup-de-ds-streaming-vostfr-fr-complet/c/5JZQLDa_gEQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/voir-films-un-coup-de-ds-franais-gratuit-et-vf-complet/c/WCCxuVTaYWE
    https://groups.google.com/g/vostfr-un-coup-de-ds-streaming-vf-complet-gratuit—-en-franais/c/tH4AoEJkygQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/voir-un-coup-de-ds-film-complet-vf/c/Ar_6kU4eQG0
    https://gamma.app/public/Voir-UN-COUP-DE-DES-Streaming-Vostfr-FR-Complet-qbnkdys8kz3mqct
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-FILMS-UN-COUP-DE-DES-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-7guvcfg2z3v62yp
    https://gamma.app/public/VOSTFR-UN-COUP-DE-DES-Streaming-VF-Complet-Gratuit-en-Francais-aomb4i2h534zvdk
    https://gamma.app/public/UN-COUP-DE-DES-En-Francais-VOSTFR-fw7orhm50mpzruy
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-UN-COUP-DE-DES-FILM-COMPLET-VF-xg4b9xle792tqht
    https://gamma.app/public/Voir-UNE-AFFAIRE-DHONNEUR-Streaming-Vostfr-FR-Complet-rzwu9trbp6rrq8d
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-FILMS-UNE-AFFAIRE-DHONNEUR-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-1qk8ph6vqvl3q6k
    https://gamma.app/public/VOSTFR-UNE-AFFAIRE-DHONNEUR-Streaming-VF-Complet-Gratuit-en-Fra-ggf5h6vgm2mrof8
    https://gamma.app/public/UNE-AFFAIRE-DHONNEUR-En-Francais-VOSTFR-mnrkc15zvfpz4qo
    https://gamma.app/public/Voir-LES-CHAMBRES-ROUGES-Streaming-Vostfr-FR-Complet-xdmtbqp8x405q0a
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-FILMS-LES-CHAMBRES-ROUGES-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-1tkt0h2aoepld02
    https://gamma.app/public/VOSTFR-LES-CHAMBRES-ROUGES-Streaming-VF-Complet-Gratuit-en-Fran-8m3kjjy4btisslk
    https://gamma.app/public/LES-CHAMBRES-ROUGESEn-FrancaisVOSTFR-o02nbb1ulgomhna
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-LES-CHAMBRES-ROUGES-FILM-COMPLET-VF-n7w9gti5yy8ma0y
    https://gamma.app/public/Voir-IRON-CLAW-Streaming-Vostfr-FR-Complet-64yenloy8q2xjqb
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-FILMS-IRON-CLAW-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-fkz56mxgd4wej2k
    https://gamma.app/public/VOSTFR-IRON-CLAW-Streaming-VF-Complet-Gratuit-en-Francais-go82fo0hn9jeb8m
    https://gamma.app/public/IRON-CLAWEn-FrancaisVOSTFR-p5okcsd0b63m3xl
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-IRON-CLAW-FILM-COMPLET-VF-gcp6ot32lszrzhq
    https://gamma.app/public/Rob-Roll-1080P-HDTW-oojx81644hlorf6
    https://gamma.app/public/Rob-Roll-TW-HD1080p-4k-3hhd7pzc9q7fqpd
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-6n7nxscjtig2dbe
    https://gamma.app/public/Rob-Roll-2024-vku7phvqt6atujc
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Rob-Roll—m3fk8on0hgb5xrc
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-1080P-HDTW-j4l6x2fzna3cs5u
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-TW-HD1080p-4k-nn7rago1mjhmvn5
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-2024-jlt2qhf9t1o6o6w
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-The-Beekeeper—854mhvvsxjfpin8
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-1080P-HDTW-gp2wzk1sm0nikrb
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-TW-HD1080p-4k-fb3lb9nzi0caaps
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-yiz23lz8evq7m3a
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-2024-6ifcu51wsid2gz4
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Night-Falls—ptca0zdgfkz6es1
    https://gamma.app/public/Han-Dan-1080P-HDTW-ttujql0suymg49t
    https://gamma.app/public/Han-Dan-TW-HD1080p-4k-6b4v6w7nih1vwx2
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-oow4izomayr8ii0
    https://gamma.app/public/Han-Dan-2024-qq3z0er6o8ovot6
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Han-Dan—nasx0uy6nbbqz44
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-phim-Mat-Vu-Ong-2024-FULL-HD-Vietsub-4yt53i3qqrira96
    https://gamma.app/public/Vietsub-FULL-HD-Xem-Phim-Mat-Vu-Ong-2024-nrkqccjryfj1z1x
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-phim-Mat-Vu-Ong-2024-4k-FULL-Vietsub-y8xvfk3b6dfmoji
    https://gamma.app/public/Xem-Phim-Mat-Vu-Ong-2024-Vietsub-Full-Truc-Tuyen-Mien-Phi-HD-1080-kux5iw6z7113i8e
    https://gamma.app/public/FULL-HD-Xem-Phim-Mat-Vu-Ong-2024-Vietsub-Thuyet-Minh-qyr9pksu86nbqjo

  • storyline

    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143257458072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143259018072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143260764072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143264034072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143265246072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143267916072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143270328072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122143273904072601
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150094350020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150096834020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342598245197217
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342600758530299
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342607225196319
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342610208529354
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342612355195806
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342614255195616
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342616591862049
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342618411861867
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.342622895194752
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150102594020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150103176020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150104322020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150104958020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150106068020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150106956020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150108798020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150110226020904
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122150111630020904
    https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/JP96ZN8
    https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/JPYHXJG

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