sustainability · 4674 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://medium.com/kujahal766/dsfdsfdsfdsfsdfdsfsd-a3a23699df4c?postPublishedType=initial https://groups.google.com/g/bismilahhh https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1547954936117096&type=3&_rdr https://rentry.co/w5m5mmvx https://sway.cloud.microsoft/G4bcYsxgZKEv2Mtd https://network.propertyweek.com/articles/gfffffffffffffff https://community.thoracic.org/articles/dsfffffffffff https://community.goldencorral.com/articles/saddddddddddddddddd https://cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/articles/dsffffhfggggggggg https://forum.papayaplay.com/discussion/71442/asddddddddddd/p1?new=1 https://wandering.flarum.cloud/d/84377-dsfffffffffff https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/94669-sdfffggggggggggggggg https://paste2.org/zNjOwHcv https://justpaste.it/9dkxl https://git.project-hobbit.eu/-/snippets/25175 https://gitlab.pavlovia.org/-/snippets/17192 https://paiza.io/projects/j6Kc8vD1ZRKIzD6L4jGoDg?language=php https://notes.io/wvVd1 https://pastelink.net/1z9nbpne https://bitbin.it/voWDT0nd/ https://click4r.com/posts/g/17492368/asdsadsad https://pastebin.com/iQfWynYf https://ctxt.io/2/AACYnwUNFg https://tech.io/snippet/oJpn2GY https://gitlab.aicrowd.com/-/snippets/224299 https://yamcode.com/untitled-97237 https://www.pastery.net/femese/ https://telegra.ph/httpsgithubcomprabrorono2-07-26 https://hackmd.io/kentang123/rkJbwqbtR
    https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/8a092c0a
    https://paste.toolforge.org/view/c85fd8d0
    https://healingxchange.ning.com/photo/albums/asdddddddd
    https://komatkamit.hashnode.dev/sadddd
    https://marketing.ning.com/members/status/show?id=6773344%3AStatus%3A22812

  • hayujuchan

    https://github.com/4K-filmaffinity/-PELISPLUS-Ver-Deadpool-3-Pel-cula-Completa-Online-en-Espa-ol
    https://github.com/4K-filmaffinity/-Pelisplus—Ver-Deadpool-3-2024-Online-en-Espa-ol-y-Latino-Deadpool-y-Lobezno
    https://github.com/4K-filmaffinity/CUEVANA-3-VER-DEADPOOL-3-Y-LOBEZNO-PEL-CULA-COMPLETA-Espa-ol-Latino
    https://github.com/4K-filmaffinity/-PELISPLUS-VER-DEADPOOL-3-2024-PEL-CULA-COMPLETA-ONLINE-en-Espa-ol
    https://github.com/4K-filmaffinity/Cuevana-Ver.-Deadpool-3-2024-Pel-culas-Online-en-Espa-ol
    https://github.com/FilmsStream-FR/-VOSTFR-Deadpool-3-Film-Complet-Streaming-VF-En-Fran-ais
    https://github.com/FilmsStream-FR/-Voir-Deadpool-3-Wolverine-en-Streaming-VF-2024-en-Fran-ais-MARVEL-STUDIOS
    https://github.com/FilmsStream-FR/VOSTFR.-Voir-Deadpool-3-FR-Streaming-VF-Complet-Gratuit-2024
    https://github.com/FilmsStream-FR/VoIR-Deadpool-3-Wolverine-en-Streaming-VF-FR-Gratis-et-VOSTFR
    https://github.com/FilmsStream-FR/-VOiR-FILmS-Deadpool-3-2024-en-Streaming-VF-en-Fran-ais-VOSTFR-COMPLET-Deadpool-3
    https://jsfiddle.net/cjuov47e/
    https://jsitor.com/K8mXJbQK-9
    https://pastelink.net/7adb9ato
    https://telegra.ph/WEWDGDE-07-26
    https://glot.io/snippets/gyejfopkbn
    https://yamcode.com/wergerhbvvfdwdw
    https://pastecode.io/s/6b22tkxe
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/17ec0226
    https://paiza.io/projects/QyEX_rkuc_cFw4KX5Av68w
    https://pastebin.com/x8burWUU
    https://www.wowace.com/paste/f4717d46
    https://wow.curseforge.com/paste/6d8b9474
    https://dev.bukkit.org/paste/dc2667f5
    https://authors-old.curseforge.com/paste/730a7784
    https://wokwi.com/projects/404497164740688897
    https://network.propertyweek.com/articles/gerhejtsssdsdssssss
    https://cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/articles/trjtytrytttttergegerger
    https://community.thoracic.org/articles/fgwefgwegfgfgfgfee
    https://community.goldencorral.com/articles/wefgwegweggdchasn

  • wahyu

    https://github.com/lolwkck/FILM-Deadpool-Wolverine-en-Streaming-vF-Gratuit
    https://github.com/ehemdehem/Gratuit-Deadpool-Wolverine-2024-Streaming-VF-Complet
    https://github.com/ehemdehem/Gratuit-Horizon-Une-Saga-Am-ricaine-Chapitre-1-2024-Streaming-VF-Complet
    https://github.com/ehemdehem/-Gratuit-Moi-Moche-Et-M-chant-4-2024-Streaming-VF-Complet
    https://www.are.na/bad-boys-4-ride-or-die/stream-bad-boys-4-ride-or-die-2024-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/deadpool-wolverine/deadpool-wolverine-2024-stream-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/deadpool-wolverine/stream-deadpool-wolverine-2024-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/joker-folie-a-deux/stream-joker-folie-a-deux-2024-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/the-beast-within/stream-the-beast-within-2024-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/the-fabulous-four/stream-the-fabulous-four-2024-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/stream-hd-film/stream-zwei-zu-eins-2024-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/lipstick-on-the-glass/stream-lipstick-on-the-glass-2024-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/house-of-the-dragon/house-of-the-dragon-staffel-2-stream-deutsch-kostenlos
    https://www.are.na/house-of-the-dragon/house-of-the-dragon-staffel-2-teil-7-stream-deutsch-kostenlos
    https://www.are.na/intensamente-2/intensamente-2-ver-online-gratis
    https://www.are.na/del-reves-2/del-reves-2-inside-out-2-ver-online-pelicula-completa-en-espanol
    https://www.are.na/del-reves-2-inside-out/ver-online-del-reves-2-inside-out-2-2024-pelicula-completa
    https://www.are.na/gru-4-mi-villano-favorito/gru-4-mi-villano-favorito-ver-online-pelicula-completa-en-espanol
    https://www.are.na/garfield-la-pelicula/garfield-la-pelicula-ver-online-pelicula-completa-en-espanol
    https://www.are.na/los-descendientes-corazon-rebelde/los-descendientes-4-corazon-rebelde-ver-online
    https://www.are.na/los-descendientes-4-corazon-rebelde/los-descendientes-corazon-rebelde-2024-pelicula-completa
    https://www.are.na/deadpool-y-lobezno/deadpool-y-lobezno-2024-pelicula-completa-online-en-espanol
    https://www.are.na/un-lugar-tranquilo-dia-uno/un-lugar-tranquilo-dia-uno-ver-online-pelicula-completa
    https://www.are.na/furiosa-de-la-saga-mad-max/furiosa-de-la-saga-mad-max-ver-online-pelicula-completa
    https://www.are.na/el-reino-del-planeta-de-los-simios/el-reino-del-planeta-de-los-simios-ver-online-pelicula-completa
    https://www.are.na/film-deadpool-wolverine-streaming-ita-altadefinizione-cb01
    https://www.are.na/film-deadpool-wolverine-streaming-ita-altadefinizione-cb01/deadpool-wolverine-film-sub-ita
    https://www.are.na/deadpool-wolverine-streaming-sub-ita/streaming-ita-deadpool-wolverine
    https://www.are.na/deadpool-wolverine-streaming-ita-film/deadpool-wolverine-cb01
    https://www.are.na/deadpool-wolverine-film-streaming-ita/deadpool-wolverine-ita-film-gratuito
    https://www.are.na/deadpool-wolverine-film-completo-sub-ita/deadpool-wolverine-film-2024
    https://www.are.na/deadpool-wolverine/film-deadpool-wolverine-streaming-sub-ita
    https://www.are.na/mavka-e-la-foresta-incantata-streaming-ita-altadefinizione/mavka-e-la-foresta-incantata-film-sub-ita
    https://www.are.na/de-zwei-zu-eins-stream-deutsch-kostenlos/stream-zwei-zu-eins-2024-deutsch-film

  • deny

    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122124227960327804
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122124241850327804
    https://www.are.na/ghostbusters-frozen-empire
    https://www.are.na/space-cadet/space-cadet-stream-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/ghostbusters-frozen-empire/ghostbusters-frozen-empire-stream-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/the-ministry-of-ungentlemanly-warfare/the-ministry-of-ungentlemanly-warfare-stream-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/boy-kills-world/
    https://www.are.na/boy-kills-world/boy-kills-world-stream-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/back-to-black/back-to-black-deutsch-stream
    https://www.are.na/deadpool-2/deadpool-2-deutsch-stream
    https://www.are.na/deadpool/deadpool-deutsch-stream
    https://www.are.na/gru-4/gru-4-online-filmek
    https://github.com/lolwkck/FILM-Deadpool-Wolverine-en-Streaming-vF-Gratuit
    https://github.com/ehemdehem/Gratuit-Deadpool-Wolverine-2024-Streaming-VF-Complet
    https://github.com/ehemdehem/Gratuit-Horizon-Une-Saga-Am-ricaine-Chapitre-1-2024-Streaming-VF-Complet
    https://github.com/ehemdehem/-Gratuit-Moi-Moche-Et-M-chant-4-2024-Streaming-VF-Complet
    https://github.com/lolwkck/-vF-Moi-Moche-Et-M-chant-4-Film-Streaming-Complet
    https://github.com/lolwkck/RegardeR-le-film-Moi-Moche-Et-M-chant-4-en-streaming-vF

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