Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://qna.habr.com/user/asfalto
https://qna.habr.com/user/Lobezno
https://qna.habr.com/user/dasamcu
https://qna.habr.com/user/Kompaiiny
https://qna.habr.com/user/johnlenard
https://qna.habr.com/user/thomsadams
https://qna.habr.com/user/sunjinwoche
https://qna.habr.com/user/yudhachield
https://qna.habr.com/user/taskmensoldout
https://qna.habr.com/user/salommyoluna
https://qna.habr.com/user/roamkakair
https://qna.habr.com/user/kingsaemael
https://qna.habr.com/user/himeliois
https://qna.habr.com/user/unclefarming
https://qna.habr.com/user/jhonnycruif
https://qna.habr.com/user/streamnarsus
https://qna.habr.com/user/pelishaha
https://qna.habr.com/user/chundaitriyool
https://qna.habr.com/user/hurryaqal
https://qna.habr.com/user/murongkong
https://qna.habr.com/user/salamawasakban
https://qna.habr.com/user/allwasyrena
https://qna.habr.com/user/tokichiubay
https://qna.habr.com/user/jombsviking
https://qna.habr.com/user/natsuflixs
https://qna.habr.com/user/grayshawno
https://qna.habr.com/user/elsasyarief
https://boosty.to/filmonline/posts/3b75a50a-b5b5-4bda-b2ab-d717f62422c8
https://forum.freedom-for-icinga.com/topic/1722/utektektukteuktekteuketktektek
https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/1380/ywrjryjryjwryjwryjrwyj
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/2041/rywjrjrwjrjrywjrjyryw
https://forum.instube.com/d/119949-ryrwjrwyjrjyrywjrywj
https://forum.realdigital.org/d/46343-ryjryjrwjrjrwyjryjrwyjrrwyj
https://toirscript.com/topic/2046/teutktuetektektuektuk
https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/19daefa3332793110ab1f062fc35502965145fd590e14252837d9a33c5152e4d
http://opensource.platon.org/forum/projects/viewtopic.php?p=12640245#12640245
https://www.zephyraxis.com/wall/blogs/37492/rrjryjrjrwyjryjjryjryjryjryj
https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/tuktektktek.479025/
https://forum.gamestategames.com/d/3322-tetekteuktuk
https://diendannhansu.com/threads/tuektktektktkeetk.514857/
https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/109451-tektuketuektuek
http://www.limesucks.com/thread/etkteketketkk/
https://www.ofurea.com/forum/thread/2785/tkttetkuteuktktekkte/
https://www.snibc.co.uk/fusion/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=9513
https://kitemunity.com/forums/topic/7885/wwryjwyrjwryjwryjywrjyj/view/post_id/90177
https://www.yeuthucung.com/threads/jrwyjrwyjwryjwryjj.484377/
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/118219-yrywrwyjrwyjrjwy
https://doc.clickup.com/9018117031/p/h/8crb2x7-3878/7fbe14d27d7017a
https://www.tadalive.com/forum/thread/50399/jrwrrwjywrjrwyjryjrwyrjyw/
https://www.surveyking.com/survey/2122
https://bento.me/xem-phim-borderlan-tro-lai-pandora-2024-visub
https://bento.me/full-hd-xem-phim-shin-cau-be-but-chi-nhat-ky-2024-vietsub-high-quality
https://bento.me/full-hd-xem-phim-quai-vat-khong-gian-romulus-2024-vietsub
https://bento.me/xem-phim-full-hd-ma-da-2024-visub
https://tinhte.vn/thread/xem-phim-ma-da-full-vietsub-mien-phi-online.3818178/
https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/xem-phim-full-hd-ma-da-the-dro/
https://matcherino.com/tournaments/121718
https://matcherino.com/tournaments/121716
https://soundcloud.com/motcil-movie/o-corvo-the-crow-2024-filme-completo-legendado-em-portugues
https://soundcloud.com/motcil-movie/assistir-motel-destino-2024-filme-completo-dublado-em-hd
https://soundcloud.com/pablo-gorgon-938817197/assistir-hellboy-e-o-homem-torto-2024-filme-completo-dublado
https://soundcloud.com/pablo-gorgon-938817197/hellboy-e-o-homem-torto-2024-filme-completo-legendado-em-portugues
https://soundcloud.com/eren-casbla/assistir-harold-e-o-lapis-magicio-2024-filme-completo-dublado-em-hd
https://soundcloud.com/eren-casbla/harold-e-o-lapis-magcio-2024-filme-completo-legendado-em-portugues
https://soundcloud.com/vietsub-online/xem-phim-full-hd-shin-cau-be-but-chi-nhat-ky-khung-long-cua-chung-minh-2024-vi
https://soundcloud.com/vietsub-online/full-hd-xem-phim-borderlan-tro-lai-pandora-2024-visub
https://tinhte.vn/profile/full-xem-phim-gieng-quy-2024-vietsub.3039574/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/full-xem-phim-harold-va-cay-but-phep-thuat-vi.3039578/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/full-xem-phim-ma-da-2024-vietsub.3039592/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/full-xem-phim-borderlands-tro-lai-pandora-vi.3039595/
https://www.facebook.com/cuevana3.Beetlejuice2.peliculaonline.hd.1080i/
https://www.facebook.com/mozi.deadpool.3.rozsomak.teljes.film.ingyenes.hu/
https://www.facebook.com/alien.romulus.teljes.film.magyarul.videa.hu/
https://www.facebook.com/alien.romulus.teljes.film.magyarul.videa.hu/videos/1044556087331518
https://www.facebook.com/alien.romulus.teljes.film.magyarul.videa.hu/videos/1587484488844252
https://www.facebook.com/alien.romulus.teljes.film.magyarul.videa.hu/videos/1042578544157160
https://www.facebook.com/alien.romulus.teljes.film.magyarul.videa.hu/videos/512241127880937
https://www.facebook.com/alien.romulus.teljes.film.magyarul.videa.hu/videos/391681927286461
https://www.facebook.com/mozi.deadpool.3.rozsomak.teljes.film.ingyenes.hu/videos/27216401334625708
https://www.facebook.com/mozi.deadpool.3.rozsomak.teljes.film.ingyenes.hu/videos/1493925721486365
https://www.facebook.com/mozi.deadpool.3.rozsomak.teljes.film.ingyenes.hu/videos/953927773067517
https://www.facebook.com/mozi.deadpool.3.rozsomak.teljes.film.ingyenes.hu/videos/427212327026561
https://www.facebook.com/mozi.deadpool.3.rozsomak.teljes.film.ingyenes.hu/videos/477222151874913
https://www.facebook.com/cuevana.3.ver.deadpool.3.y.lobezno.pelicula.gratis/videos/524189743312623
https://www.facebook.com/cuevana.3.ver.deadpool.3.y.lobezno.pelicula.gratis/videos/341637512376700
https://www.facebook.com/cuevana.3.ver.deadpool.3.y.lobezno.pelicula.gratis/videos/810117347778835
https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/e118991800d8bcfa7689d108cfc30621641fee58100de8ed446cf67ba98a4738
https://www.facebook.com/hdgetactioncinemax
https://www.facebook.com/d.goldenflix
https://bento.me/videa-hu-alien-romulus-teljesfilmek-online-hd
https://bento.me/videa-hd-alien-romulus-2024-teljes-filmek
https://bento.me/videa-alien-romulus-2024-teljes-film-magyarul
https://bento.me/nezd-alienromulus-teljes-film-online-magyarul
https://bento.me/alien-romulus-film-magyarul-letoltes-online
https://bento.me/mozi-videa-alien-romulus-2024-teljes-film-inyenes
https://bento.me/indavidea-alienromulus-teljes-online-2024-ingyenes
https://bento.me/teljes-film-alien-romulus-2024-online-magyarul
https://bento.me/mozi-videa-alienromulus-2024-teljes-film-online-magyarul
https://bento.me/alien-romulus-filmet-online-ingyenes-teljes-1080i
https://zealy.io/cw/videahdalienromulus2024teljesfilmmagyarul/
https://zealy.io/c/videahdalienromulus2024teljesfilmmagyarul-3011/
https://zealy.io/cw/videadeadpool3rozsomk2024teljesfilmonlinemagyarul/
https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1290231
https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1290260
https://ver-alien-romulus-pelicula-gratis.statuspage.io/
https://groups.google.com/g/pelisplus-ver-alien-romulus-pelicula-online-en-espanol/c/wXeuDRGUe68
https://open.firstory.me/user/cm04vnr8503eq01uw15lqdyy4
https://open.firstory.me/story/cm04vrrgk0g0901vohczt9tuy
https://pastelink.net/ddpx9w34
https://hackmd.io/@mrasikadebora22/rJ3yDLEj0
https://soundcloud.com/sampe-godog/alien-romulus-2024-completa-online-en-espanol
https://dailyflix.medium.com/alien-romulus-2024-completa-online-en-espa%C3%B1ol-60c66bf35049
https://heylink.me/alienromulupeliculastzy
https://mez.ink/alienromuluspeliculastzy
https://magic.ly/alienromuluspeliculastzy
https://www.forexagone.com/forum/questions-debutants/asporuywehbccsd-141441#239632
https://doc.clickup.com/9018068878/p/h/8cr9kwe-1258/d7ac947399e94c5
https://matters.town/a/sok2xjmmlk8k
https://ybclassifieds.com/index.php?page=item&id=18703
https://worldfreeclassifiedads.com/classes/music-theatre-dance-classes/hd-getaction_i23693
https://www.interleads.net/classifieds/classes/language-classes/alien-romulus_i26048
https://www.quickpostads.com/classes/language-classes/soaiiueghyew_i345168
https://marketadclassifieds.com/classes/language-classes/alien-romulus_i31048
https://classifiedadwebsite.com/classes/music-theatre-dance-classes/alien-romulus_i25008
https://flexclassifiedads.com/classes/music-theatre-dance-classes/alien-romulus_i181378
http://community.getvideostream.com/topic/132045/sadsdxdfdf
https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/2635/asdwerpiopi
https://wandering.flarum.cloud/d/97598-alienromulus
https://nodebb.klangknecht.com/topic/516/alienromulus
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/2944/alienromulus
https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/2125/alienromulus
https://forum.earthshipbiotecture.com/topic/524/hdsfgeuygr
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/2565/badaszas
https://forum.realdigital.org/d/50033-dskjfhuyihuygrt
https://smmwebforum.com/threads/dsfpofgipoitor.17123/
https://jpn.itlibra.com/article?id=23057
https://forumketoan.com/threads/xczbftfsta.35628/
https://yuamikamii.copiny.com/question/details/id/872677
https://dangtinvantai.com/threads/jfhfghgfdhew.46974/
https://www.lifesshortlivefree.com/community/2a-news-and-politics/xvgvystadytjhjh/
http://www.limesucks.com/thread/sdfewrwer/
https://vietnamtrade-forum.com/threads/jdhsfkjeuwierh.16484/
https://cvt.vn/threads/jhjdhfguyhuxf.1114829/
https://chobaolam.vn/threads/asdewerwer.549935/
http://forum.dnpsolpol.ru/threads/asdlololty.5501/
https://www.phyconomy.org/community/main-forum/dferpiopjlk/
http://www.fellnasen-service.de/index.php?thread/206860-sdftertyjtyut/
https://postheaven.net/tnbojae2q0
https://www.yeuthucung.com/threads/sdfpuouptktfrt.489206/
https://www.lamchame.com/forum/threads/sdfewrwfgh.4703709/
https://forum.woimortal.com/forum/community/discussions/52948-cvbfgdftyuer
https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/kjhfuyhruywge.480482/
https://dictanote.co/n/1055186/
https://paste.intergen.online/view/49293cb6
https://bitbin.it/DQmfWzVo/
https://justpaste.it/8hq6u
https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/meccala/diary/202408230000/
https://lessons.drawspace.com/post/748750/asderwe
https://www.thaicarpenter.com/index.php?lay=boardshow&ac=webboard_show&WBntype=1&Category=thaicarpentercom&thispage=1&No=3080828
https://forum.freedom-for-icinga.com/topic/2672/sadasd
https://web.extension.illinois.edu/askextension/thisQuestion.cfm?QuestionID=39477&catID=160&AskSiteID=75
https://community.goldencorral.com/members/status/show?id=28897344%3AStatus%3A222745
https://community.thoracic.org/members/status/show?id=28884124%3AStatus%3A526857
https://cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/members/status/show?id=28886524%3AStatus%3A847348
https://network.propertyweek.com/members/status/show?id=28884164%3AStatus%3A165292
https://tic-tac.teleco.uvigo.es/members/status/show?id=28874944%3AStatus%3A22310
https://community.tricycle.com/members/status/show?id=28875144%3AStatus%3A110362
https://www.facebook.com/stree2.fullmovie.hindiFilmyZa/
https://www.facebook.com/stree2fullmoviesubenglishdownload
https://www.facebook.com/thecrow.fullmovie.download.link
https://www.facebook.com/WatchBlinkTwiceFullMovieDownload
https://wokwi.com/projects/407018269017185281
https://forum.freedom-for-icinga.com/topic/2705/https-www-facebook-com-stree2-fullmovie-hindifilmyza
https://wokwi.com/projects/407017886061435905
https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/2174/https-www-facebook-com-stree2-fullmovie-hindifilmyza
https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/2175/svdsbgsdfh
https://forum.instube.com/d/125435-dbfsdbsfdhreh
https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/114530-xvsdgdsgwreh
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/124536-svsdfgsrdfdsagdsg
https://www.facebook.com/viceversa2024streamingvf/
https://www.facebook.com/VoirViceversa2streamingVFvostfr/
https://www.facebook.com/filmdeadpool3streamingfrancais/
https://www.justgiving.com/crowdfunding/stree-2-movie-hindi-filmyzilla
https://www.scoop.it/topic/ways-to-watch-it-ends-with-us-2024-fullmovie-online-by-ways-to-watch-it-ends-with-us-2024-fullmovie-online
https://www.scoop.it/topic/ways-to-watch-twisters-2024-fullmovie-online-by-ways-to-watch-it-ends-with-us-2024-fullmovie-online
https://www.scoop.it/topic/ways-to-watch-despicable-me-4-2024-fullmovie-online-by-ways-to-watch-it-ends-with-us-2024-fullmovie-online
https://www.scoop.it/topic/ways-to-watch-kill-2024-fullmovie-online
https://www.justgiving.com/crowdfunding/munjya-full-movie-hindi
https://www.justgiving.com/crowdfunding/munjya-2024-movie-hindi
https://www.thuum.org/viewthread.php?thread=6609&newthread=true
https://hackmd.io/siman/Deadpool-Wolverine https://hackmd.io/siman/deadpool3vostfr
https://bento.me/deadpool1080p
https://bento.me/voirdeadpool-wolverine
https://bento.me/voirfilm-vice-versa-2-regarder-streaming-en-francais
https://bento.me/regarder-film-twisters-2024-streaming-vostfr-hd-en-francais-gratuit
https://bento.me/voir-film-moi-moche-et-mechant-4-2024-streaming-hd-en-francais-gratuit
https://bento.me/voir-film-bad-boys-ride-or-die-2024-streaming-hd-en-francais-gratuit
https://bento.me/regarder-film-jackpot-2024-streaming-vostfr-hd-en-francais-gratuit
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/souravsinghvideollb
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/souravsinghvideoleakedmmsviraltwoboysdrunk
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/nayadostkanumberayasouravsinghleakedvideo
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/bajar-jana-daru-wali-viral-video-sourav-singh-llb-viral-video-on-social-media
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/brandy-pini-sourav-singh-llb-mms-viral-leaked-video
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/gand-marenge-sourav-singh-viral-video-two-friends-drink-llb-video
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/laalurvashirautelabathroomvideo
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/urvashibathroomvideonabnayakaro
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/urvashirautelaedanakaryakar
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/behn-da-deena-xx-urvashi-rautela-s-private-bathroom-leaked-video-official-on-twitter
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/mayi-yawa-xx-urvashi-rautela-s-private-bathroom-leaked-video-official-on-twitter
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/full-gundagardi-xx-urvashi-rautela-s-private-bathroom-video-leaked
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/jamescharlesbehndadeenavideoleakedprivate
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/ghodibnakejamescharlesnelayi
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/full-fadlotatte-james-charles-video-leaked-on-twitter-elp-official-tv
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/gandi-janani-james-charles-leak-video-twitter-viral-online-hd
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/fuddi-maro-rajjke-james-charles-leaked-video-oficial-tutorial-leaks-on-twitter-1
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/behndilunsophiedirainspidermanleakedvideo
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/galllodedisophierainspidermanleakedvideo
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/xx-gore-momme-sophie-rain-spiderman-leaked-video-viral-full-hd
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/kalifudi-xx-sophie-rain-spiderman-leaked-video-official-on-twitter
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/boota-gala-xx-sophie-rain-spiderman-leaked-video-official-on-twitter
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/browntroutfishwomanvideo
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/ghodibanakebrowntroutfishwomanvideo
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/lodi-aa-puri-brown-trout-fish-woman-video-trout-lady-video-leak-on-twitter
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/gand-maro-sabki-brown-trout-fish-woman-video-trout-lady-video-leak-on-twitter
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/khansi-ho-gayi-brown-trout-fish-woman-video-trout-lady-video-leak-on-twitter
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/fuddimaariazizahsalshaleakedvideoviral
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/azizahsalshasexvideosfullclipleakedvideo
https://www.musicthatmakescommunity.org/gaandfaadazizahsalsha
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/kalibund-video-azizah-salsha-leaked-video-official-trending-on-twitter
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/lun-fadlo-fufad-da-azizah-salsha-x-viral-scandal-video-on-twitter
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/bondusale-clip-ong-bo-cho-muon-dien-thoai-va-con-gai-video
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/marjara-clip-ong-bo-cho-muon-dien-thoai-va-con-gai-video
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/tattefaad-sourav-singh-leaked-video-viral-on-twitter
https://www.yyliving.co.nz/forum/questions-answers/topalela-sourav-singh-leaked-video-viral-on-twitter
https://network.propertyweek.com/members/status/show?id=28884164%3AStatus%3A173769
https://community.goldencorral.com/members/status/show?id=28897344%3AStatus%3A273469
https://tic-tac.teleco.uvigo.es/members/status/show?id=28874944%3AStatus%3A22741
https://cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/members/status/show?id=28886524%3AStatus%3A888655
https://wokwi.com/projects/407010871860065281
https://smartsnack.cl/en/blogs/news/beneficios-de-dejar-el-azucar-y-tips-para-lograrlo?comment=135904264370#comments
https://ghuggibabu.hashnode.dev/httpswwwmusicthatmakescommunityorgsouravsinghvideollb
https://pastelink.net/qfv1jwjf
https://wandering.flarum.cloud/d/97929-httpswwwmusicthatmakescommunityorgsouravsinghvideollb
https://snippet.host/pujvvb
Leave a comment