Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://climateaction.tucsonaz.gov/projects/geotucson::xxnxvideo-watch-sourav-singh-llb-leaked-video-viral
https://climateaction.tucsonaz.gov/projects/geotucson::xx-watch-full-sourav-singh-llb-leaked-video
https://climateaction.tucsonaz.gov/projects/geotucson::xx-nude-urvashi-rautelas-private-bathroom-leaked-viral
https://climateaction.tucsonaz.gov/projects/geotucson::b00bs-watch-hereurvashi-rautelas-private-bathroom-leaked-video-viral
https://climateaction.tucsonaz.gov/projects/geotucson::watch-scandal-videourvashi-rautela-private-bathroom-leaked
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/watch-mms-video-sourav-singh-llb-leaked-video
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/b-nd-padali-video-sourav-singh-llb-viral-video
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/lull-sala-video-sourav-singh-llb-viral-video
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/full-bondu-vide0-sourav-singh-llb-leaked-mms-original-video
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/wahi-gandu-video-sourav-singh-llb-leaked-scandal-video
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/l-de-lag-gye-sourav-singh-llb-viral-video
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/hraamii-launddaa-sourav-singh-llb-leaked-full-video
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/watch-shraabii-video-sourav-singh-llb-leaked-video
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/nshaa-chodd-o-sourav-singh-llb-leaked-video-video
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/watch-mms-moorii-aman-ramgarhia-viral-leaked-video
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/nude-siaapaa-aman-ramgarhia-leaked-video-twitter-telegram-scandal
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/cheehtii-pa-andr-aman-ramgarhia-viral-video-leaked
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/duur-phihttee-muunh-watch-aman-ramgarhia-leaked-video-telegram-scandal
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/bndaa-bnnjaa-aman-ramgarhia-leaked-scandal-video-reel-instagram
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/tthndd-rhkh-aman-ramgarhia-viral-leaked-video-instagram-reel-behncho
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/watch-fuddumms-aman-ramgarhia-viral-leaked-video
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/cuutiye-log-aman-ramgarhia-leaked-video-viral-instagram-reel-wala-scandal
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/insta-wali-aman-aman-ramgarhia-leaked-video-twitter-telegram-scandal
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/lucii-hai-bhaaii-aman-ramgarhia-leaked-viral-original-instagram-video-telegram-link
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/watch-ghana-video-sophie-rain-spiderman-leaked-video-twitter
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/instagram-hd-video-sophie-rain-spiderman-leaked-video
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/watch-jq-video-sophie-rain-spiderman-leaked-video
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/full-mms-vide0-sophie-rain-spiderman-leaked-viral-original-scandal-video
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/n-de-viral-video-sophie-rain-spiderman-leaked-scandal-video-mms
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/part2-xx-sophie-rain-spiderman-private-bathroom-leaked-video-official-on-instagram
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/mms-video-sophie-rain-spiderman-leaked-scandal-video
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/heera-sophie-rain-spiderman-leaked-video-viral
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/gdddhbdddh-viral-urvashi-rautela-s-bathroom-leaked-video-official
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/x-jhinglaalaa-viral-urvashi-rautela-s-bathroom-leaked-video-official
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/bhelpurii-urvashi-rautela-s-bathroom-viral-mms-video-on-twitter
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/pttaakhaa-gudddhiyaa-xx-urvashi-rautela-s-private-bathroom-leaked-video
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/full-hlcl-video-xx-urvashi-rautela-s-private-bathroom-leaked-viral
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/seksii-viiddiyo-xx-urvashi-rautela-s-private-bathroom-video
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/chmmk-chllo-xx-urvashi-rautela-s-private-bathroom-video-viral
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/gndii-viiddiyo-part2-xx-urvashi-rautela-s-private-bathroom-instagram-youtube-viral-leaked
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/today-clip-viral-urvashi-rautela-s-bathroom-leaked-video-official
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/watch-full-viral-mark-anthony-fernandez-leaked-video-scandal-video
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/hot-full-video-mark-anthony-fernandez-viral-leaked-scandal-video
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/full-sexy-video-watch-mark-anthony-fernandez-leaked-viral-original-scandal-video
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/full-online-mark-anthony-fernandez-leaked-scandal-video-twitter
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/full-nangi-video-mark-anthony-fernandez-leaked-scandal-video-twitter
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/dashing-video-mark-anthony-fernandez-leaked-video-scandal-video
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/watch-viral-video-mark-anthony-fernandez-leaked-video-scandal-video
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/bkl-full-video-mark-anthony-fernandez-viral-leaked-scandal-video
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/full-kundi-video-watch-mark-anthony-fernandez-leaked-viral-original-scandal-video
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/watch-video-clip-full-chu-ca-toi-co-13-tuoi
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/watch-viral-video-clip-full-chu-ca-toi-co-13-tuoi
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/watch-whi-video-clip-full-chu-ca-toi-co-13-tuoi
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/watch-clip-video-clip-full-chu-ca-toi-co-13-tuoi
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/watch-aww-video-clip-full-chu-ca-toi-co-13-tuoi
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/watch-ahh-ahh-video-clip-full-chu-ca-toi-co-13-tuoi
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/watch-video-clip-full-chu-ca-toi-co-13-tuoi
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/watch-kusu-kusu-clip-full-chu-ca-toi-co-13-tuoi
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/watch-awesome-clip-full-chu-ca-toi-co-13-tuoi
https://www.kauphy.com.au/forum/general-discussion/watch-mms-full-angie-stylish-viral-leaked-video
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/watch-mms-full-angie-stylish-viral-leaked-video
https://www.aventuraquetzal.com/foro/ruta-quetzal/watch-viral-full-angie-stylish-viral-leaked-video
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/watch-mms-full-angie-stylish-viral-leaked-video
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/watch-dashing-full-angie-stylish-viral-leaked-video
https://www.rasnzconference.org.nz/forum/general-discussion/watch-online-full-angie-stylish-viral-leaked-video
https://network.propertyweek.com/members/status/show?id=28884164%3AStatus%3A45940
https://community.goldencorral.com/members/status/show?id=28884144%3AStatus%3A244114
https://tic-tac.teleco.uvigo.es/members/status/show?id=28874944%3AStatus%3A9654
https://cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/members/status/show?id=28886524%3AStatus%3A239941
https://wokwi.com/projects/405827311162411009
https://smartsnack.cl/en/blogs/news/beneficios-de-dejar-el-azucar-y-tips-para-lograrlo?comment=135567573170#comments
https://ghuggibabu.hashnode.dev/view-deleted-form-of-positions
https://pastelink.net/lkaeh5bq
https://wandering.flarum.cloud/d/91976-it-evolved-into-its-current-state
https://snippet.host/cveppz
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/115882-it-evolved-into-its-current-state
https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/1053/it-evolved-into-its-current-state
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/1645/it-evolved-into-its-current-state
https://forum.earthshipbiotecture.com/topic/428/it-evolved-into-its-current-state
https://forum.daoyidh.com/topic/501/https-forum-earthshipbiotecture-com-topic-428-it-evolved-into-its-current-state
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/1405/https-forum-earthshipbiotecture-com-topic-428-it-evolved-into-its-current-state
https://forum.freedom-for-icinga.com/topic/1249/https-forum-earthshipbiotecture-com-topic-428-it-evolved-into-its-current-state
https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/1955/https-forum-earthshipbiotecture-com-topic-428-it-evolved-into-its-current-state
https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/13587/https-forum-earthshipbiotecture-com-topic-428-it-evolved-into-its-current-state
https://forum.woimortal.com/forum/community/discussions/47239-it-evolved-into-its-current-state
https://rentry.co/45wxaaf6
https://www.lomarfarms.com/blogs/news/people?comment=135757627697#comments
https://paste.myst.rs/nsbhmrva
https://paste.ee/p/dBf0s
https://www.paste4btc.com/JRjgKcD3
https://glot.io/snippets/gyurafb24m
https://hackmd.io/@khoyitomi/rJIPwaEqA
https://www.pastery.net/vngfmu/
https://paiza.io/projects/ICMN7k86EgZYO0OWiPaL-A
https://pastebin.com/9sSuW93G
https://telegra.ph/it-evolved-into-its-current-state-08-10
https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/gogighugi/diary/202408100000/
https://www.pastery.net/juuxtz/
https://paste.enginehub.org/sZ4dr6p_b
https://paste.laravel.io/d5edd4d0-2a68-43a2-bddc-49fb83c82fab
https://ivpaste.com/v/IMNlbedRqe
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/5a5b0018
https://paste.rs/MzJlp.txt
https://paste.vpsfree.cz/u4HUFD2b
https://tiny-paste.com/137459/
https://sebsauvage.net/paste/?c80267ebbcf2603a#7ujXLB01Q+1tr0EYx778Ee4sZXB4xbeFhvrluN5ocLQ=
https://paste2.org/DFsvBJ4k
https://muckrack.com/smiti-josh/bio
http://aldenfamilydentistry.com/UserProfile/tabid/57/userId/868465/Default.aspx
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102719781
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102543284
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102712517
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102719780
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102751947
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102725082
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102705451
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102589098
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102725086
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102590619
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102524738
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102536594
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102580661
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102727990
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102533620
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102754267
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102589897
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102727009
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102713591
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102527332
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102720527
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102756900
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102711122
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102753879
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102713592
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102507175
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102543454
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102599482
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102740021
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102543459
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102719781
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102543284
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102712517
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102719780
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102751947
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102725082
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102705451
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102589098
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102725086
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102590619
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102524738
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102536594
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102580661
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102727990
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102533620
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102754267
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102589897
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102727009
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102713591
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102527332
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102720527
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102756900
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102711122
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102753879
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102713592
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102507175
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102543454
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102599482
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102740021
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4102543459
https://band.link/QiRUj
https://band.link/bHE9t
https://band.link/zwcMm
https://band.link/SNgHi
https://band.link/kQGMs
https://band.link/3YhGV
https://band.link/0kKUA
https://band.link/4KPsr
https://band.link/5haoY
https://band.link/0tpV4
https://band.link/1pENu
https://band.link/qSiAK
https://band.link/9lCJj
https://band.link/HvvEM
https://band.link/sF7GO
https://band.link/5a4T5
https://band.link/u75Z0
https://band.link/B4vez
https://band.link/yG5su
https://band.link/Mkk9Q
https://band.link/dvhB9
https://band.link/AuHS5
https://band.link/u8zQO
https://band.link/JY9qn
https://band.link/6OsM6
https://band.link/HTQ20
https://band.link/anlVY
https://band.link/2DwHe
https://band.link/IbbgA
https://band.link/awuDk
https://band.link/WIuN5
https://band.link/VkTec
https://band.link/Q5vVs
https://band.link/rXHzD
https://band.link/uwSWL
https://band.link/IC82b
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110856588973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110856702973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110856834973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110856852973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110856942973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110858118973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110858130973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110858154973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110858172973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110858208973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110860692973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110860704973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110860716973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110860740973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122110860764973860
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122244136958244254
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122244136928244254
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122244136916244254
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122244136910244254
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122244136898244254
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122244136796244254
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122244136712244254
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122244135872244254
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122244135890244254
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122244135644244254
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122126065946920498
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122126065940920498
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122126065928920498
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122126065910920498
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122126065838920498
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122126062136920498
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122126062130920498
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122126062118920498
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122126062112920498
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122126062106920498
https://band.link/QiRUj
https://band.link/bHE9t
https://band.link/zwcMm
https://band.link/SNgHi
https://band.link/kQGMs
https://band.link/3YhGV
https://band.link/0kKUA
https://band.link/4KPsr
https://band.link/5haoY
https://band.link/0tpV4
https://band.link/1pENu
https://band.link/qSiAK
https://band.link/9lCJj
https://band.link/HvvEM
https://band.link/sF7GO
https://band.link/5a4T5
https://band.link/u75Z0
https://band.link/B4vez
https://band.link/yG5su
https://band.link/Mkk9Q
https://band.link/dvhB9
https://band.link/AuHS5
https://band.link/u8zQO
https://band.link/JY9qn
https://band.link/6OsM6
https://band.link/HTQ20
https://band.link/anlVY
https://band.link/2DwHe
https://band.link/IbbgA
https://band.link/awuDk
https://band.link/WIuN5
https://band.link/VkTec
https://band.link/Q5vVs
https://band.link/rXHzD
https://band.link/uwSWL
https://band.link/IC82b
https://band.link/IKyGa
https://band.link/AkxrI
https://band.link/gcXke
https://band.link/QVByA
https://band.link/Qm4lP
https://band.link/rd9kd
https://band.link/b4LpQ
https://band.link/ofEzy
https://band.link/Dy1QR
https://band.link/4kURY
https://band.link/uH7JR
https://band.link/jpDQX
https://band.link/B4B21
https://band.link/RK94G
https://band.link/qQEne
https://band.link/2AC3b
https://band.link/yOsCG
https://band.link/DOJvr
Leave a comment