sustainability · 3657 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122173442600327804
    https://pastelink.net/3ad63txx
    https://pastebin.com/hjRGHi3n
    https://paiza.io/projects/9AJqLKc5YbcMmi6BkLaCdA?language=php
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/znyBek5N-ap
    https://justpaste.it/bh2c8
    https://paste.enginehub.org/YANVWjV72
    https://www.pastery.net/fmkkyz/

  • parfum

    https://keepo.io/Minecraftvofilmecz1
    https://keepo.io/Minecraftvofilmecz2
    https://keepo.io/Minecraftvofilmecz3
    https://keepo.io/Minecraftvofilmecz4
    https://keepo.io/Minecraftvofilmecz5
    https://keepo.io/Thunderboltscelyfilmcz1
    https://keepo.io/Thunderboltscelyfilmcz2
    https://keepo.io/Thunderboltscelyfilmcz3
    https://keepo.io/Thunderboltscelyfilmcz4
    https://keepo.io/Thunderboltscelyfilmcz5
    https://keepo.io/VysehradDvjecelyfilmcz1
    https://keepo.io/VysehradDvjecelyfilmcz2
    https://keepo.io/VysehradDvjecelyfilmcz3
    https://keepo.io/VysehradDvjecelyfilmcz4
    https://keepo.io/VysehradDvjecelyfilmcz5
    https://keepo.io/Jaksenamtomohlostatcelyfilmcz1
    https://keepo.io/Jaksenamtomohlostatcelyfilmcz2
    https://keepo.io/Jaksenamtomohlostatcelyfilmcz3
    https://keepo.io/Jaksenamtomohlostatcelyfilmcz4
    https://keepo.io/Jaksenamtomohlostatcelyfilmcz5
    https://keepo.io/Zuctovani2celyfilmcz1
    https://keepo.io/Zuctovani2celyfilmcz2
    https://keepo.io/Zuctovani2celyfilmcz3
    https://keepo.io/Zuctovani2celyfilmcz4
    https://keepo.io/Zuctovani2celyfilmcz5
    https://keepo.io/WorkingMancelyfilmcz1
    https://keepo.io/WorkingMancelyfilmcz2
    https://keepo.io/WorkingMancelyfilmcz3
    https://keepo.io/WorkingMancelyfilmcz4
    https://keepo.io/WorkingMancelyfilmcz5
    https://aetherhub.com/Deck/minecraft-film—cel-film-cz-a-zdarma-1226450
    https://aetherhub.com/Deck/sledujte-minecraft-film-cel-film-sk-1226538
    https://aetherhub.com/Deck/sledujte-hd-minecraft-film-cely-film-1226726
    https://aetherhub.com/Deck/sleduj-minecraft-film-cely-cz-dabing-sk-1226791
    https://aetherhub.com/Deck/minecraft-film-cel-cz-sk-dabing-1226875
    https://aetherhub.com/Deck/thunderbolts—cel-film-cz-a-zdarma
    https://aetherhub.com/Deck/sleduj-thunderbolts-cely-cz-dabing-sk
    https://aetherhub.com/Deck/sledujte-thunderbolts-cel-film-sk
    https://aetherhub.com/Deck/sledujte-hd-thunderbolts-cely-film
    https://aetherhub.com/Deck/sleduj-thunderbolts-cely-cz-dabing-sk
    https://aetherhub.com/Deck/thunderbolts-cel-cz-sk-dabing
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/1
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/2
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/3
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/4
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/5
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/6
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/7
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/8
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/9
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/10
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/11
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/12
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/13
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/14
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/15
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/16
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/17
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/18
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/19
    https://github.com/Ginangvies/Realvies/discussions/20

  • irungek

    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122173492838327804
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.2592312811114553
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122173594712327804
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.2592893074389860
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122173596458327804
    https://www.are.na/stream-ein-minecraft-film-deutsch-kostenlos
    https://www.are.na/stream-thunderbolts-deutsch-kostenlos
    https://www.are.na/stream-warfare-deutsch-kostenlos
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.2592919894387178
    https://www.are.na/stream-captain-america-brave-new-world-deutsch-kostenlos
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.2592925454386622
    https://www.are.na/ihr-grosster-fan-stream-filme-deutsch-kostenlos
    https://www.are.na/stream-in-the-lost-lands-fan-deutsch-kostenlos
    https://www.are.na/stream-mission-impossible-the-final-reckoning-fan-deutsch-kostenlos
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.2592951057717395
    https://pastelink.net/uf7x5iho
    https://paiza.io/projects/8XlBgIdwK9DrezSQTyXemA
    https://etextpad.com/pswzrzxouv
    https://paste.ee/p/rDWtKhzP
    https://justpaste.it/h3p5p
    https://tempel.in/view/w4YbUE
    https://www.pastery.net/tzbbpm/

  • parfum

    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/sledujte-Thunderbolts-2025-Cely-FILM-Online-CZ-Dabing-a-Zdarma.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/Thunderbolts-2025-Cely-film-Online-CZ-Dabing-a-Zdarma.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/SLEDUJTE-Thunderbolts-CELy-FILM-ONLINE-CZ-SK-DABING-a-Zdarma-I-TITULKY.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/SLEDUJTE-Thunderbolts-Cel%C3%BD-Film-ONLINE-SK-CZ-a-Zdarma-DABING-I-TITULKY.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/Sledujte-Thunderbolts-2025-CEL%C3%9D-FILM-ONLINE-ZDARMA-CZ-SK-DABING.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/Filmy-CZ-Thunderbolts-Cel-FILM-2025-ONLINE-ZDARMA-SK-CZ-DABING-I-TITULKY.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/Thunderbolts-2025-Cel%C3%BD-FILM-Online-CZ-SK-Dabing-a-Zdarma.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/SLEDUJ-HD-Thunderbolts-Cel%C3%BD-Film-CZ-SK-Online-a-Zdarma.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/SLEDUJTE-Thunderbolts-CELy-FILM-ONLINE-CZ-SK-DABING-a-Zdarma-I-TITULKY.md
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814788f07917c346d9d0fa7
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147857fcd846a629299831
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814782a557a20f52ada6533
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681478042cac688679f2e8f2
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681477d935119c17af0401ce
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681477a3a11124c624f6d019
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814775f8ec5d5f356c5654c
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681476cfde5dee13908c80b6
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681475d012927fb8b10c25ad
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814761a3977690605da0c27
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147cd2d970e731960d8e5c
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147cadd9b8bec7fd82ebb1
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147c8af2ad299e66e05b3c
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147c523872e2f630acca6b
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147c2586104f1dc3f2b010
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147c02efe25f60905315a0
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147bdab8b1d51b34a16727
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147ba9c93203fc25f0b428
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147b7fe7dbf81b74893a05
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147b0ac65c7b5616b160ed
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814806fb1d6fa89ab0263d0
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814804919b230fe0c68667f
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814801ca56d065bdc1fc75f
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    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147f96123f87249cdfec36
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147ec8411304f4648db80b
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147e6de0e4da2730629a0a
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147e9294a960b2d6e4a153
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681484a55510d37e16f1984e
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814847502bf1f1ac955d9fd
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814842970fa5a8affbd67b1
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681483f34b80caf90ce801a4
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681483c2f78d859c881bf392
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814839f4bc4260c8a350d91
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814837483a0201448d4d33c
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681483409ab03d957911f48b
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68148311cb27d41c36c731f0
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681482bc287af7a3dce9618f
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681487f1fbfc297d56bd09c0
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681487ac0af7a0ccccd276a8
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681487722e30fbc910cce3e2
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68148743335823b3c8c3e208
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814870daa85d8f42b65b64d
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681486dddf252bb1caa63ca1
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681486b6bc6497695481f956
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681486b6531132482cd8b0f0
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814868caf80f022fa834a98
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681486540f5acad5b28cc50f

  • parfum

    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/sledujte-Thunderbolts-2025-Cely-FILM-Online-CZ-Dabing-a-Zdarma.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/Thunderbolts-2025-Cely-film-Online-CZ-Dabing-a-Zdarma.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/SLEDUJTE-Thunderbolts-CELy-FILM-ONLINE-CZ-SK-DABING-a-Zdarma-I-TITULKY.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/SLEDUJTE-Thunderbolts-Cel%C3%BD-Film-ONLINE-SK-CZ-a-Zdarma-DABING-I-TITULKY.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/Sledujte-Thunderbolts-2025-CEL%C3%9D-FILM-ONLINE-ZDARMA-CZ-SK-DABING.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/Filmy-CZ-Thunderbolts-Cel-FILM-2025-ONLINE-ZDARMA-SK-CZ-DABING-I-TITULKY.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/Thunderbolts-2025-Cel%C3%BD-FILM-Online-CZ-SK-Dabing-a-Zdarma.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/SLEDUJ-HD-Thunderbolts-Cel%C3%BD-Film-CZ-SK-Online-a-Zdarma.md
    https://github.com/Movistarg/golfmov/blob/main/SLEDUJTE-Thunderbolts-CELy-FILM-ONLINE-CZ-SK-DABING-a-Zdarma-I-TITULKY.md
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814788f07917c346d9d0fa7
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147857fcd846a629299831
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814782a557a20f52ada6533
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681478042cac688679f2e8f2
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681477d935119c17af0401ce
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681477a3a11124c624f6d019
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814775f8ec5d5f356c5654c
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681476cfde5dee13908c80b6
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681475d012927fb8b10c25ad
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814761a3977690605da0c27
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147cd2d970e731960d8e5c
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147cadd9b8bec7fd82ebb1
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147c8af2ad299e66e05b3c
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147c523872e2f630acca6b
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147c2586104f1dc3f2b010
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147c02efe25f60905315a0
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147bdab8b1d51b34a16727
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/68147ba9c93203fc25f0b428
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    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681486b6bc6497695481f956
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681486b6531132482cd8b0f0
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6814868caf80f022fa834a98
    https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/681486540f5acad5b28cc50f

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