sustainability · 4705 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122152899236605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122152897982605591&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122152900796605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122152900688605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122152900604605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122152900514605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122152900412605591&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122152900334605591&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122136386144907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122136386030907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122136385922907357&type=3
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    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122136385700907357&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122136385598907357&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135834852889864&type=3
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    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135834336889864&type=3

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122136510374869670&type=3
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    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122191685216562487&type=3
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    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122191684982562487&type=3
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    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122191684718562487&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122191684634562487&type=3

  • YOKO

    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109663005/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109650075/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109205229/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4109258185/
    https://band.link/is1oT
    https://band.link/PPeKq
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    https://band.link/mDVac
    https://band.link/R3QLZ
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    https://band.link/Vdujv
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    https://band.link/5MRVM
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    https://band.link/RSvbb
    https://band.link/PCKOi
    https://band.link/jdHOk
    https://band.link/GGOuI
    https://band.link/tXxAd
    https://band.link/oC59h
    https://band.link/tF9xb
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/conjuring-l-heure-du-jugement-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/downton-abbey-iii-le-grand-final-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-la-forteresse-infinie-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/sirat-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/connemara-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/libre-echange-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/regarde-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/dalloway-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/honey-don-t-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/a-big-bold-beautiful-journey-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/une-bataille-apres-l-autre-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/marche-ou-creve-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/la-femme-qui-en-savait-trop-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/en-premiere-ligne-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/pris-au-piege-caught-stealing-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/la-guerre-des-rose-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/miroirs-no-3-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/nobody-2-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/together-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/y-a-t-il-un-flic-pour-sauver-le-monde-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/evanouis-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/les-bad-guys-2-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/les-4-fantastiques-premiers-pas-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/superman-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://telechargerfilmvf.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/jurassic-world-renaissance-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/ardiangeral/profile
    https://muckrack.com/dian-geraldo/bio
    https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/Mi4PLR
    https://cinderella.pro/activity/8535/
    https://ilm.iou.edu.gm/members/ardiangeraldo/
    https://schoolido.lu/user/ardiangeraldo/
    https://telegra.ph/nydjhtshgre-09-16
    https://www.pixiv.net/en/artworks/135194586
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    https://celtindependent.com/advert/bhteshtshre/
    https://tinhte.vn/members/ardiangeraldo.3342540/
    https://www.surveyking.com/survey/ertr1
    https://www.deviantart.com/roropuja/art/1242272890
    https://tensor.art/articles/909589323119101854
    https://app.daily.dev/posts/vdabherbrewgwefew-58mapmx6j
    https://arekpahpoh.hashnode.dev/nddyjndht
    https://matters.town/a/6j1l926a2j4a
    https://lifeisfeudal.com/Discussions/question/mtdfmdyntrhbtsb
    https://www.TwosApp.com/68c9c0b45b13a5d87bb6df03
    https://scrapbox.io/arekpahpoh/FILMS_Streaming_VF_2025
    https://www.bankier.pl/forum/temat_bsbvwgvgeews,72115057.html
    https://developers.fogbugz.com/default.asp?discuss.1.1139.0
    https://www.jobin.co.za/cv/sulaiman-nabeo-380257.html
    https://codepen.io/Marcose-Yoleporte/pen/PwZYqqv
    https://wokwi.com/projects/442283037949088769
    https://hackmd.io/@XI2te682TXSvS7XmL95Iew/H17WGrvjgg
    https://playcode.io/2547432
    https://www.gmbinder.com/share/-O_J6gLloft1-RPY3uR9/-O_J6tuHRFhz1E9tXnsG/source
    https://tooter.in/miayokohan/posts/115215761660946611
    https://raindrop.io/anggalido/film-streaming-vf-2025-59987765
    https://gns3.com/community/discussions/nyrdrshtshesgr
    https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/91846/nyddjrdshthrtg
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/290574-rtnshregergre
    https://forumketoan.com/threads/nrsstbgergrr.81991/
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    https://glot.io/snippets/hb6emeiqld
    https://friendpaste.com/68hmeDHUT28Fpf65MCoBS6
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  • RILACI

    https://www.pixiv.net/novel/show.php?id=25926542
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    https://rentry.co/mqza7pwi
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    https://tempel.in/view/PQH27DW9
    https://pastee.dev/p/qY1i7pGF
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    https://binshare.net/3GBOCk1U8JA5T3jCt4hO
    https://paiza.io/projects/h8xeWLLWFVnxin4f_Nb6zA
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    https://notes.io/wWWdY
    https://telegra.ph/OWE-09-16
    https://notes.io/wWWdQ
    https://telegra.ph/CDMIO-09-16
    https://freepaste.link/aiow6z9tgm

  • ephoric prousa

    https://pillowpotion-ephoric-pro.mystrikingly.com/

    https://pillowpotion-ephoric-pro.webflow.io/

    https://pillowpotion-ephoric-pro.jimdosite.com/

    https://sites.google.com/view/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro/

    https://eventprime.co/o/pillowpotionephoricpro

    https://pillowpotionephoricpros.zohodesk.com/portal/en/kb/articles/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence-15-9-2025

    https://healthmartblog.blogspot.com/2025/09/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer.html

    https://medium.com/@ephoricprousa/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence-38481e08cb21

    https://soundcloud.com/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence

    https://differ.blog/p/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-sta-2e2fdb

    https://scribehow.com/page/PillowPotion_Ephoric_Pro_USA_Offer_Achieve_Bigger_and_Harder_Erect_state_Confidence__OXqjMYOcSjy92nh3iiS3Uw

    https://solo.to/ephoric-pro

    https://www.provenexpert.com/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro/

    https://www.dewalist.com/health-wellness/general-health-wellness-services/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigge-los-angeles-582031.html

    https://www.postermywall.com/index.php/e/los-angeles-united-states-health-wellness-pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-achieve-bigger-harder-state-confidence/b5c7d56bcb7fea2aa14f21acf82c1cfa

    https://blog.mycareindia.co.in/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence/

    https://ephoricprousa.stck.me/post/1248080/PillowPotion-Ephoric-Pro-USA-Offer-Achieve-Bigger-Harder-Erect-state-Confidence

    https://groups.google.com/g/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro/c/_c7TqtnpATA

    https://heyzine.com/flip-book/7dbf40e1ed.html

    https://pdfhost.io/v/3JkLeDWrK8_PillowPotion_Ephoric_Pro__USA_Offer__Achieve_Bigger___Harder_Erect_state__Confidence

    https://www.fbamd.org/pillowpotionephoricpro

    https://www.hashtaglunchbag.org/pillowpotionephoricpro

    https://www.grepmed.com/PillowPotionEphoricPro

    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/4b01b507-5a0f-481b-a4d6-23e8526477f5

    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1MkTebi6y7CWITSQ3BR3GhU5kWIkzHVU-?usp=sharing

    https://groups.google.com/g/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro/c/tU-UbTYEPFg

    https://cscourse.ustc.edu.cn/vdir/Gitlab/compiler_staff/jianmu-supplemental/-/issues/11085

    https://haitiliberte.com/advert/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence/

    https://sfero.me/podcast/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve

    https://pillowpotion-ephoric-pro.hashnode.dev/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-and-harder-erect-state-confidence

    https://pillowpotion2.alboompro.com/post/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence

    https://hackmd.io/@PillowPotion-Ephoric-Pro/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence

    https://nexusstem.co.uk/community/main-forum/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence/

    https://www.zeffy.com/en-US/ticketing/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-and-harder-erect-state-confidence

    https://dev.epicgames.com/community/profile/nvA1q/EphoricPro

    https://community.bemeapps.com/topic/6443/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence

    https://social.neha.net.in/view_article.php?id=29883&slug=pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger—harder-erect-state-confidence

    http://ofbiz.116.s1.nabble.com/PillowPotion-Ephoric-Pro-USA-Offer-Achieve-Bigger-amp-Harder-Erect-state-Confidence-td4916310.html

    https://www.deviantart.com/ephoricprousa/art/PillowPotion-Ephoric-Pro-Enhances-Arousal-Girth-1242116226

    https://letterboxd.com/EphoricPro/

    https://fmcreators.com/index.php?threads/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence.27023/

    http://mocfun.vn/index.php?threads/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence.228950/

    https://forum.motoshkola.od.ua/threads/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence.50012/

    https://www.data-medics.com/forum/threads/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence.110852/

    https://www.onlinegdb.com/fork/MdLqT1nYp

    https://lifeisfeudal.com/Discussions/question/pillowpotion-ephoric-pro-usa-offer-achieve-bigger-harder-erect-state-confidence

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