sustainability · 4713 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://www.facebook.com/groups/1272130924392332
    https://www.facebook.com/groups/zlouni2celyczsk

  • Gelas Cantel

    https://github.com/good-wife-firml-mos
    https://github.com/saiyaara-firml-mos-hqq
    https://github.com/junior-firml-mos-hqqq
    https://github.com/coolie-firml-mos-hqq
    https://github.com/war-2-firml-mos-hqq
    https://github.com/mahavatar-narsimha-firml-mos-hqq
    https://github.com/son-of-sardaar-2-firml-mos-hqq
    https://github.com/baaghi-4-firml-mos-hqq
    https://github.com/oho-enthan-baby-firml-mos-hqq
    https://github.com/desingu-raja-2-firml-mos-hqq
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784627455/
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784661453/
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784666248/
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784643963/
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784624726/
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784612457/
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784661462/
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784666180/
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784627312/
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784624157/
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784621708/
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784621754/
    https://www.imdb.com/pt/list/ls4784646241/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784661938/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784642781/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784273640/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784648098/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784642157/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784697503/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784696760/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784646468/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784642126/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784692394/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784648541/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784643759/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784622272/
    https://www.imdb.com/es/list/ls4784642334/
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132105240421768&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132106320421768&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132107832421768&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132108258421768&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132108798421768&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132109026421768&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132109254421768&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132109512421768&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132109746421768&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132109974421768&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122132110250421768&type=3

    https://www.dell.com/community/pt/conversations/inspiron-desktops/gelas-beling/687afed35dc3e06969c92702a
    https://yodayo.com/posts/7cc4ab8b-1f94-4def-9a2b-2283450f7103
    https://superkyy.tawk.help/article/gelas-beling
    https://br.advfn.com/forum/perfil/gelasbeling
    https://scrapbox.io/superkyy/Gelas_Beling
    https://challonge.com/id/gelasbeling
    https://qna.habr.com/user/suparmanracing
    https://forum.ripper.store/post-queue/topic-1752893253595
    https://findaspring.org/members/tuanmuda/
    https://hype.co/m0vieany0ne https://cccv.to/versupermanonlinehd https://www.gemtracks.com/superman-online-espanol https://direct.me/gelasbelingg https://popl.co/profile/cvC7mYbo/dash https://heylink.me/Gelasbeling/ https://solo.to/m0vieany0ne1 https://solo.to/gelasbeling https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/yuliaaa/profile https://muckrack.com/yuniaw936-yuniaw936/bio https://magic.ly/tuanmudapgsoft/Gelas-Beling https://lifeisfeudal.com/Discussions/question/gelas-beling https://codepen.io/Shiva-Lenora/pen/MYaKyLG https://www.sidehustleads.com/business-opportunities_2/gelas-beling_i2080936 https://freepaste.link/am5w92wirz https://paste.centos.org/view/78896b22 http://nexusstem.co.uk/community/main-forum/gelas-beling/ https://paste.imirhil.fr/?8ffb1e1d8c82aa2c#zcskcVke0Enm0iy0KQ7Z5pSL6DxwNFe9I6YqEi3Q6g8= https://about.me/m0vieany https://ivpaste.com/v/hrTqM9YYSu https://wokwi.com/projects/436877353367289857 https://p.ip.fi/s0EH https://paste.laravel.io/c5b7b969-41c1-40dd-9792-eab227b62d9e https://jsitor.com/u8He2F21s4r https://jsbin.com/hidowubeci/edit?html,output https://www.wowace.com/paste/ac082f3f https://pastebin.com/nPyMEBCx https://pastelink.net/qy1b7zgo https://www.etextpad.com/psmwscdhhd https://glot.io/snippets/h9cm59evfr https://anonpaste.com/share/ef57361b06 https://rextester.com/UOYOAH25366 https://ideone.com/FxDmpr https://justpaste.me/cypV5 https://paste.intergen.online/view/7cd83dfb https://paste.thezomg.com/355319/89798717/ https://snippet.host/zuanyw https://paiza.io/projects/MRTgzpoW4mPIe63uZRGrHw https://onlinegdb.com/t8KP0Gh9R https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/73991/gelas-beling https://imgur.com/gallery/gelas-beling-jLFc7XQ https://anyone3.bandcamp.com/album/gelas-beling https://graph.org/Gelas-Beling-07-19 https://writeablog.net/mf0tojnu78 https://app.daily.dev/posts/gelas-beling-1ocqlcv9x https://medium.com/yuniaw936/gelas-beling-cd0dc0a01b75
    https://matters.town/a/qe8qx7cllwnb
    https://id.carousell.com/p/gelas-beling-1381502015/
    https://community.wongcw.com/posts/1112312
    https://community.wongcw.com/posts/1112313
    https://lebanonhub.app/posts/432493
    https://lebanonhub.app/posts/432494
    https://mymediads.com/gelas-beling/
    https://fivedollarclassifieds.com/business-opportunities_2/work-from-home/gelas-beling_i151507
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/261038-gelas-beling
    https://cloudhound.flarum.cloud/d/42276-gelas-beling
    https://brainly.ro/tema/11804077
    https://www.pixiv.net/novel/show.php?id=25353413
    https://mydramalist.com/list/4J5v7ya3
    https://www.intensedebate.com/people/gelascantelll3
    https://www.bankier.pl/forum/temat_gelasbeling,71597655.html
    https://tudomuaban.com/chi-tiet-rao-vat/2618325/gelas-beling.html
    https://shivalenora892.wordpress.com/
    https://dp.citilov.com/call-girls/bombooflat/gelas-cantel-id882513

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