sustainability · 4707 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100564696/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100521135/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100045358/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100579564/?ref_=lsedt_bk

    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100575470/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100575475/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100525912/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100570631/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100526309/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100028833/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100552277/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100516284/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100552271/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100502985/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100521305/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100570680/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100028880/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100552110/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100574981/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100578398/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100579435/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100525986/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100579433/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100550340/?ref_=lsedt_bk

    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100516493/?ref_=lsedt_bk
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    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100569451/?ref_=lsedt_bk
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    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100515505/?ref_=lsedt_bk
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    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100096222/?ref_=lsedt_bk
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    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100525896/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100575941/?ref_=lsedt_bk
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4100512642/?ref_=lsedt_bk

    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37489
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37491
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37490
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37492
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37493

    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37500
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37498
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37499
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37497
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37496

    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37501
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37502
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37503
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37504
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37505

    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37507
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37508
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37509
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37510
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37511

    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37517
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37518
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37519
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37520
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37521

    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37528
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37529
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37530
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37531
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37532

    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37539
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37540
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37541
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37542
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37543

    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37559
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37560
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37561
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37562
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37563

    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37579
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37580
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37581
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37582
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37583

    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37619
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37620
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37621
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37622
    https://mavenanalytics.io/project/37623

  • MEKISAN

    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64781
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64782
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64783
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64784
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64785
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64786
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64787
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64788
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64789
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64790
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64791
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64792
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64793
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64794
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64795
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64796
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64797
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64798
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64799
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64800
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64801
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64802
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64803
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64804
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64805
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64931
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64932
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64933
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64934
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64935
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64936
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64937
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64938
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    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64943
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64944
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    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64927
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64928
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    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64930
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64759
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64760
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64761
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64762
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64763
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64764
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64765
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64766
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64767
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64768
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64770
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64771
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64772
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64773
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64774
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64775
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64776
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64778
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64779
    https://aetherhub.com/Tourney/RoundTourney/64780
    https://telegra.ph/bvfbtbsgre-07-25
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    https://tooter.in/miayokohan/posts/114916047104695077
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    https://community.wongcw.com/posts/1117581
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