sustainability · 4596 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://www.taskade.com/p/vietsub-full-hd-xem-phim-tee-yod-quy-an-tang-2023-01HKZCTQDH6R01R65P3RVSJNQF
    https://www.taskade.com/p/xem-phim-tee-yod-quy-an-tang-2023-4k-full-vietsub-01HKZCVCB0GNF2F2J8Y2D4Y1DT
    https://soundcloud.com/h-o-te-na-s-eo-635649878/xem-phim-tee-yod-quy-an-tang-2023-full-hd-vietsub
    https://soundcloud.com/h-o-te-na-s-eo-635649878/vietsub-full-hd-xem-phim-tee-yod-quy-an-tang-2023
    https://soundcloud.com/sist-r-unke-ric-b/xem-phim-tee-yod-quy-an-tang-2023-4k-full-vietsub
    https://soundcloud.com/sist-r-unke-ric-b/xem-phim-tee-yod-quy-an-tang-2023-vietsub-full-truc-tuyen-mien-phi-hd-1080p
    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-chicas-malas-2024-pelicula-completa-online-en-espanol-01HKZJ71YRQGXQ79EK84J1ZESR
    https://www.taskade.com/p/pelisplus-ver-chicas-malas-2024-pelicula-online-espanol-y-latino-01HKZJA5WAQJCM8D1Q96J3JRKD
    https://www.taskade.com/p/pelisplus-ver-chicas-malas-pelicula-completa-online-01HKZJFQ1D6AYQ4WVX79M4JHXA
    https://www.taskade.com/p/pelisplus-ver-chicas-malas-2024-pelicula-completa-01HKZJHNJ52J1E04QSCQ1DQ4FZ
    https://gamma.app/public/Ver-Cuevana-CHICAS-MALAS-2024-pelicula-comple-cziml5qgtyv9917
    https://gamma.app/public/Cuevana-3Ver-CHICAS-MALAS-2024-Pelicula-Completa-anrrpdjbbzp5xmg
    https://gamma.app/public/VERCHICAS-MALAS-2024-Pelicula-Completa-Online-en-Espanol-h2tthcz4eqddlc3
    https://soundcloud.com/mari-ss-a-a-l-da-0/verchicas-malas-2024-pelicula-completa-online-en-espanol
    https://soundcloud.com/mic-ca-a-jo-s-e/pelisplusver-chicas-malas-pelicula-completa-online
    https://soundcloud.com/mic-ca-a-jo-s-e/pelisplus-ver-chicas-malas-2024-pelicula-completa
    https://gamma.app/public/VERCULPA-TUYA-2024-Pelicula-Completa-Online-en-Espanol-5demyqimwp8wydo
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-VER-CULPA-TUYA-2024-Pelicula-Online-Espanol-y-latino-1qdwsywwwhlt5di
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUSVer-CULPA-TUYA-Pelicula-Completa-Online-2hcz183qtnjtgxo
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-Ver-CULPA-TUYA-2024-Pelicula-completa-qo56of5f112r9qe
    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-cuevana-culpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-completa-01HKZMBAECZ1N7YZAKZX4CZT28
    https://www.taskade.com/p/cuevana-3-ver-culpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-completa-01HKZMC7Z54NS0FFZMRZY9P504
    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-culpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-completa-online-en-espanol-01HKZMD3ZEBCJ98P49P944EC3C
    https://soundcloud.com/s-e-denro-de-o/verculpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-completa-online-en-espanol
    https://soundcloud.com/s-e-denro-de-o/pelisplus-ver-culpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-online-espanol-y-latino
    https://soundcloud.com/zara-ellis-3-3/pelisplusver-culpa-tuya-pelicula-completa-online
    https://soundcloud.com/zara-ellis-3-3/cuevana-3ver-culpa-tuya-2024-pelicula-completa
    https://gamma.app/public/VERPRISCILLA-2024-Pelicula-Completa-Online-en-Espanol-xr8uao8kahoqoqe
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-VER-PRISCILLA-2024-Pelicula-Online-Espanol-y-latino-654jokzxqbxvgsl
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUSVer-PRISCILLA-Pelicula-Completa-Online-e33m2z9x0vh3gtg
    https://gamma.app/public/PELISPLUS-Ver-PRISCILLA-2024-Pelicula-completa-vpww9zzgjat3edw
    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-cuevana-priscilla-2024-pelicula-completa-01HKZN9DNXXN8YBRVRD8G850J7
    https://www.taskade.com/p/cuevana-3-ver-priscilla-2024-pelicula-completa-01HKZNA6JJ992ZB9NRMP41NZY1
    https://www.taskade.com/p/ver-priscilla-2024-pelicula-completa-online-en-espanol-01HKZNAYEER7VMET2RBNGN5E2A
    https://www.taskade.com/p/pelisplus-ver-priscilla-2024-pelicula-online-espanol-y-latino-01HKZNBP87WPVNP7KCWP8H2P7Y
    https://soundcloud.com/ro-se-l-y-n-annetal-ao/pelisplusver-priscilla-pelicula-completa-online
    https://soundcloud.com/ro-se-l-y-n-annetal-ao/pelisplus-ver-priscilla-2024-pelicula-completa

  • sdfs

    https://gamma.app/public/Hi-Brother-1080P-HDTW-khh81bf1cbds6h8
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD-clae6cik48uh8bk
    https://gamma.app/public/Hi-Brother-2023-flu53xejmdbfxbh
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-Hi-Brother—wirfldaiy2z9lxo
    https://gamma.app/public/Hi-Brother-TW-HD1080p-4k-rujsutwc5q3hvmt
    https://gamma.app/public/The-People-1080P-HDTW-b85amwic2im0j0j
    https://gamma.app/public/The-People-TW-HD1080p-4k-2ask59vwbixg7tf
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD-ej12vlaqmhojuvt
    https://gamma.app/public/The-People-2023-9seqmqams5swte1
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-The-People—bt0u60bovpnvx26
    https://gamma.app/public/Viva-La-Vida-1080P-HDTW-p1qikaw5sire1e8
    https://gamma.app/public/Viva-La-Vida-TW-HD1080p-4k-2024-2ylhkxyx0q16yy1
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-v7t5w590jkegg1o
    https://gamma.app/public/Viva-La-Vida-2024-1oxv77jdmsadgtu
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Viva-La-Vida—uvwkr6ri7th2565
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-1080P-HDTW-uhgzq0u6iq7gwic
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-TW-HD1080p-4k-2023-3a9afu2tj0b1xs6
    https://gamma.app/public/3-2023-HD-0c24qgjpypftzu7
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-2023-mddu0zh8sc1x31j
    https://gamma.app/public/3-2023-If-You-Are-the-One-III—fjplv5zasx8bdky
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-1080P-HDTW-2024-nvary41ar2a6xbv
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-TW-HD1080p-4k-2024-fhfz7av6g2gj8ke
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-pfkyh2cnbxatgwf
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-2024-xg9n7n9sufnduou
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-The-Movie-Emperor—jln12mpmoqnp6jk
    https://gamma.app/public/2-Pegasus-2-1080P-HDTW-2024-vg9ybiu70cgti2t
    https://gamma.app/public/2-Pegasus-2-TW-HD1080p-4k-2024-c5ayr56c516adre
    https://gamma.app/public/2-2024-HD-2k0glwgqi0sgghr
    https://gamma.app/public/2-Pegasus-2-2024-8dtpmhfqxg067ha
    https://gamma.app/public/2-2024-Pegasus-2—ckiat68z9i2g516
    https://gamma.app/public/Whats-in-the-zoo-1080P-HDTW-2024-hnbaomfbnmax1uk
    https://gamma.app/public/Whats-in-the-zoo-TW-HD1080p-4k-2024-rt3ltvq66w83070
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-d81rntcnwaqy39z
    https://gamma.app/public/Whats-in-the-zoo-2024-2byxknmuin84fda
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Whats-in-the-zoo—i0wcvgiylsucuzt
    https://www.taskade.com/p/3-if-you-are-the-one-iii-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2023-01HKSVF3QT9G4HJQSG9JK1NNX4
    https://www.taskade.com/p/3-if-you-are-the-one-iii-1080-p-hd-tw-2023-01HKSVGA3Z4VAVEN83N8KWGXJ8
    https://www.taskade.com/p/3-2023-hd-01HKSVEGT1YTD5XZ3YVA9FC53K
    https://www.taskade.com/p/3-if-you-are-the-one-iii-2023-01HKSVHPSW3593Q4DYW933GJRA
    https://www.taskade.com/p/3-2023-if-you-are-the-one-iii-01HKSVJP24X3DERRC1NTQZ76DG
    https://www.taskade.com/p/hi-brother-1080-p-hd-tw-2023-01HKSVSC2EPEJ5S3DN28JWZKVP
    https://www.taskade.com/p/hi-brother-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2023-01HKSVTC2T628NJYF7TJ9CAWRH
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-hd-01HKSVV97T8KEHY9A38THR604J
    https://www.taskade.com/p/hi-brother-2023-01HKSVW6NJMEDK3MZF1A9S7TQE
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-hi-brother-01HKSVX79VCWJQN6RKWA56FRYP
    https://www.taskade.com/p/the-people-1080-p-hd-tw-2023-01HKSW2ZAKFXTDCJQK1BS373K3
    https://www.taskade.com/p/the-people-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2023-01HKSW3TY2H843AJNTQ6M270AE
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-hd-01HKSW4P64JJ18MJSBCAB1TQX8
    https://www.taskade.com/p/the-people-2023-01HKSW5KTVMZQQJ2S4RGN20RQR
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2023-the-people-01HKSW6EMCKF4BSEPGP72BKJD6
    https://www.taskade.com/p/viva-la-vida-1080-p-hd-tw-2024-01HKSWBW9XE4NWDY8ZQGEZX9D9
    https://www.taskade.com/p/viva-la-vida-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2024-01HKSWD92SZJ8GGSQKWVRV1CMW
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2024-hd-01HKSWE4Y1XJ86EF49XX43TJD5
    https://www.taskade.com/p/viva-la-vida-2024-01HKSWFSB4XNSNMHB3NTXWQJNR
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2024-viva-la-vida-01HKSWGKW3AT4YMNBJFDR2163R
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2-pegasus-2-1080-p-hd-tw-2024-01HKSWQAVSKWYK0YNN9137R7ZG
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2-pegasus-2-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2024-01HKSWR5TXNX7WDHQ037HAGNHC
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2-2024-hd-01HKSWRYNWR199B0CN5EHVCN4W
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2-pegasus-2-2024-01HKSWSQ6N4ZG1MDM2NSSFG87H
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2-2024-pegasus-2-01HKSWTNTDA5JARVCR3SGF2RPE
    https://www.taskade.com/p/whats-in-the-zoo-1080-p-hd-tw-2024-01HKSX2GXDK6K2XBCBJKNTXE0Z
    https://www.taskade.com/p/whats-in-the-zoo-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2024-01HKSX3DXY7R1BV441K6JAAASK
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2024-hd-01HKSX44TYTW3E0084GHZZAQBC
    https://www.taskade.com/p/whats-in-the-zoo-2024-01HKSX4X3H19DXMYMEZZZ3QP9V
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2024-whats-in-the-zoo-01HKSX5RCCCHZHCPWVZVEE8ARV
    https://www.taskade.com/p/the-movie-emperor-1080-p-hd-tw-2024-01HKSXAJC7R8Z3M0N0JX8HREN6
    https://www.taskade.com/p/the-movie-emperor-tw-hd-1080p-4k-2024-01HKSXBDKJK80SS2AA9RM2CG7X
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2024-hd-01HKSXC9Z8RRC6RCA833K8358H
    https://www.taskade.com/p/the-movie-emperor-2024-01HKSXD793R07Q8M0M3PPPVNAZ
    https://www.taskade.com/p/2024-the-movie-emperor-01HKSXE4C43J7Z9HH1PRCS6AZS

  • ASDSA

    https://gamma.app/public/No-More-Bets-1080P-HDTW-yzq9osi3e2krpzl
    https://gamma.app/public/HD-SUB-Taiwan-zp63ceat9s6534q
    https://gamma.app/public/No-More-Bets-2023-ce3oy7bv6m1lcf8
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-No-More-Bets—z3ur12381uud9kq
    https://gamma.app/public/No-More-Bets-TW-HD1080p-4k-r2sr8qnddcg7tm9
    https://gamma.app/public/No-More-Bets-TWHD1080p-aijwi0zucd9dkgj
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-1080P-HDTW-h6om0bubw2u4oq4
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-The-Movie-Emperor—5gbvfg2mmhkhjuf
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-TW-HD1080p-4k-pvzlhtvrkp56izt
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-edat9b50q0fkq1p
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Movie-Emperor-2024-twnfy4oodoewn99
    https://gamma.app/public/shining-for-one-thing-1080P-HDTW-g85w76mhpnbgved
    https://gamma.app/public/shining-for-one-thing-TW-HD1080p-4k-am2b0p6no0xy8wh
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-1o2m2uc3wrdbm25
    https://gamma.app/public/shining-for-one-thing-2023-jas91wdzurxjaq4
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-shining-for-one-thing—4xyp4ifig4y7uxi
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-1080P-HDTW-iv1jt5mw9jmx0v0
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-TW-HD1080p-4k-nyt0bjxqio9xj2j
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-o2o338v0xe1x2ic
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-The-Beekeeper—u3b46vbljwpdt51
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Beekeeper-2024-wy4jmjzxsni2tr9
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-1080P-HDTW-k8xocn3lr7h9hpx
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-TW-HD1080p-4k-bo8z31gea8qmbjj
    https://gamma.app/public/3-2024-HD-fezdi7okvo97czv
    https://gamma.app/public/3-If-You-Are-the-One-III-2023-54cj2zfc28imujh
    https://gamma.app/public/3-2023-If-You-Are-the-One-III—2hmlys2om1q60mq
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-1080P-HDTW-dzezk259d2734f7
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-TW-HD1080p-4k-dbpirxfgnp6645f
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-HD-ci3p9g0152bpr16
    https://gamma.app/public/Night-Falls-2023-1jk95qevzr1p0eb
    https://gamma.app/public/2024-Night-Falls—5dk2cv5xgqppchw

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