sustainability · 4564 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://www.taskade.com/p/kuru-otlar-uestuene-filmi-tam-sueruem-2023-hd-tuerkce-dublajli-01HF9K32JY8HV5662XQTEYW6FN
    https://www.taskade.com/p/kuru-otlar-uestuene-tuerkce-dublaj-tek-parca-4k-1080p-full-hd-filmi-seyret-01HF9KTC2R0AP8KE8Q0673651E
    https://gamma.app/public/Testere-10-Filmi-Tam-Surum-2023-HD-Turkce-dublajl-mip5xt13vyics56
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Testere-10-izle—-2023-Turkce-Dublaj-Full-Hd-Izle-xmt2syj9ij6gyg5
    https://gamma.app/public/Testere-10—-Turkce-Dublaj-Tek-Parca-4k-1080p-Full-HD-filmi-seyre-bq9cfj338uhgq5t
    https://gamma.app/public/Testere-10-Full-Izle-2023-Tek-Parca-1080p-Turkce-altyazl-rsz1ybustt0ewzf
    https://gamma.app/public/Alya-Filmi-Tam-Surum-2023-HD-Turkce-dublajl-0pm0ed2tlm1mvl6
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Alya-izle—-2023-Turkce-Dublaj-Full-Hd-Izle-56yil1iwbw0exci
    https://gamma.app/public/Alya—-Turkce-Dublaj-Tek-Parca-4k-1080p-Full-HD-filmi-seyret-25y9a1pq5qfqqrb
    https://gamma.app/public/Alya-Full-Izle-2023-Tek-Parca-1080p-Turkce-altyazl-ng0hcfia5345460
    https://gamma.app/public/Dolunay-Katilleri-Filmi-Tam-Surum-2023-HD-Turkce-dublajl-s8jrwstmw09b4ai
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Dolunay-Katilleri-izle—-2023-Turkce-Dublaj-Full-Hd-Izle-i6qkxzx0q1bupjh
    https://gamma.app/public/Dolunay-Katilleri—-Turkce-Dublaj-Tek-Parca-4k-1080p-Full-HD-film-z9bzx804g6aeojf
    https://gamma.app/public/Dolunay-Katilleri-Full-Izle-2023-Tek-Parca-1080p-Turkce-altyazl-csp8zd6k1gifw75
    https://gamma.app/public/Kuru-Otlar-Ustune-Filmi-Tam-Surum-2023-HD-Turkce-dublajl-blt2anu9l90v9im
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Kuru-Otlar-Ustune-izle—-2023-Turkce-Dublaj-Full-Hd-Izle-hea08vjx510qq07
    https://gamma.app/public/Kuru-Otlar-Ustune—-Turkce-Dublaj-Tek-Parca-4k-1080p-Full-HD-film-xlk8dhrvzzeovry
    https://gamma.app/public/Kuru-Otlar-Ustune-Full-Izle-2023-Tek-Parca-1080p-Turkce-altyazl-50afn4ncdjtij2w
    https://pastelink.net/qyst8c3w
    https://onlinegdb.com/4jLnuFyejB
    https://paste.mozilla.org/1L2VaFOb
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/70101365
    https://etextpad.com/gojza1pa5d
    https://notes.io/wwdMP
    https://jsitor.com/Ka9_FSUtgO
    https://yamcode.com/sadasdas-5
    http://ben-kiki.org/ypaste/data/84372/index.html
    https://ideone.com/wqpYQQ
    https://justpaste.it/c2ihk
    https://rentry.co/tudr8
    http://pastebin.falz.net/2506487
    https://paiza.io/projects/00VEyl3sNJP1y_trOFIp9w?language=php
    https://paste.toolforge.org/view/50a3e532
    https://snippet.host/oktyuc
    https://telegra.ph/BFBGBGFB-11-15
    https://www.pastery.net/zkrfcj/
    https://bitbin.it/OC6VuJIH/
    https://pastebin.com/dNj0Wr4B
    https://issuu.com/fagtasdfas
    https://rodeo8.gumroad.com/l/dsgf
    https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/C5tCRv
    http://healingxchange.ning.com/photo/albums/sdfsfsd-1
    https://jsbin.com/rocazafaju/edit?html,output
    https://git.forum.ircam.fr/sadasfsdfsd/vcxvcxxcz/-/snippets/17025
    https://learn.acloud.guru/profile/503893511573?_ga=2.22430651.1066289139.1700064007-698392620.1696465728
    https://club.vexanium.com/user/fagtaryui
    https://dfdsfsdf.onesmablog.com/gfdgdfg-63111821
    https://sdasdsaf.full-design.com/sddgfdgfd-65970590
    https://safdfsd.tinyblogging.com/dfdsfsd-66576655
    https://sadasdas.ampblogs.com/sfsdfsd-59716907
    https://fsdfsd.ampedpages.com/sdfsdfsd-50718419
    https://safsdfsd.thezenweb.com/dssdvsd-60575080
    https://sfdsfsdf.pages10.com/gfdgdf-58855963
    https://sadasfdsfd.pointblog.net/dsfsdfsd-63946790
    https://sadsfsdfsd.bloguetechno.com/sfsdfsd-58612111
    https://asdasdas.ka-blogs.com/76409596/sadfsdfd

  • sadsfsfsd

    https://gamma.app/public/Aclk-Oyunlar-Kuslarn-ve-Ylanlarn-Sarks-Filmi-Tam-Surum-2023-HD-Tu-5209ig6wkhbr72w
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Aclk-Oyunlar-Kuslarn-ve-Ylanlarn-Sarks-izle—-2023-Turkc-x7vkfqzucxi1drm
    https://gamma.app/public/Aclk-Oyunlar-Kuslarn-ve-Ylanlarn-Sarks—-Turkce-Dublaj-Tek-Parca—4p38iqybta0q9v1
    https://gamma.app/public/Aclk-Oyunlar-Kuslarn-ve-Ylanlarn-Sarks-Full-Izle-2023-Tek-Parca-1-fu8w7add7spp1fj
    https://gamma.app/public/Aclk-Oyunlar-Kuslarn-ve-Ylanlarn-Sarks-Aclk-Oyunlar-Kuslarn-ve-Yl-zd1e74sikrywiwi
    https://gamma.app/public/Freddynin-Pizza-Dukkannda-Bes-Gece-Filmi-Tam-Surum-2023-HD-Turkce-5xntxmtwfw1c1ls
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Freddynin-Pizza-Dukkannda-Bes-Gece-izle—-2023-Turkce-Du-49c0prez17136gy
    https://gamma.app/public/Freddynin-Pizza-Dukkannda-Bes-Gece—-Turkce-Dublaj-Tek-Parca-4k-1-ktspjqo81882zu3
    https://gamma.app/public/Freddynin-Pizza-Dukkannda-Bes-Gece-Full-Izle-2023-Tek-Parca-1080p-chpm9ilb3hgdb2j
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Freddynin-Pizza-Dukkannda-Bes-Gece-izle—-2023-Turkce-Du-gvyniuh25oufqoi
    https://gamma.app/public/Napolyon-Filmi-Tam-Surum-2023-HD-Turkce-dublajl-ory2n6w52hvbrxt
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Napolyon-izle—-2023-Turkce-Dublaj-Full-Hd-Izle-3tjolew6ik77v63
    https://gamma.app/public/Napolyon—-Turkce-Dublaj-Tek-Parca-4k-1080p-Full-HD-filmi-seyret-n28ytlw4kzuh29g
    https://gamma.app/public/Napolyon-Full-Izle-2023-Tek-Parca-1080p-Turkce-altyazl-wq8gmx0z8b77tmt
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Napolyon-izle—-2023-Turkce-Dublaj-Full-Hd-Izle-j1ldnx9tc2n6j4k
    https://gamma.app/public/Cok-Ask-Filmi-Tam-Surum-2023-HD-Turkce-dublajl-5hor03ajmobe9r6
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Cok-Ask-izle—-2023-Turkce-Dublaj-Full-Hd-Izle-6jzkqu5lk95rtvs
    https://gamma.app/public/Cok-Ask—-Turkce-Dublaj-Tek-Parca-4k-1080p-Full-HD-filmi-seyret-pgfwzz3pyj2cs55
    https://gamma.app/public/Cok-Ask-Full-Izle-2023-Tek-Parca-1080p-Turkce-altyazl-iecubihiepu84ug
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Cok-Ask-izle—-2023-Turkce-Dublaj-Full-Hd-Izle-h29kanyswcw6ey9
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Marvels-Filmi-Tam-Surum-2023-HD-Turkce-dublajl-5kx6rxvrh22y41h
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-The-Marvels-izle—-2023-Turkce-Dublaj-Full-Hd-Izle-44gph14a86xjjmt
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Marvels—-Turkce-Dublaj-Tek-Parca-4k-1080p-Full-HD-filmi-seyr-l219m6kgo9g62n7
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Marvels-Full-Izle-2023-Tek-Parca-1080p-Turkce-altyazl-ampgvj6pc8r48jf
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Marvels-Filmi-Full-Izle-2023-Turkce-altyazl-Izle-MP4720p-080p-v3grn500xc3rf4t
    https://pastelink.net/cw402xt7
    https://onlinegdb.com/XuYNnqI7J
    https://paste.mozilla.org/ytJEpXHG
    https://homment.com/TNz0AFy22sKsjdOCocLM
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/f0a23888
    https://notes.io/wwpdW
    https://jsitor.com/q80LyAdWq2
    http://ben-kiki.org/ypaste/data/84354/index.html
    https://ideone.com/01bidG
    https://justpaste.it/6vsh4
    https://rentry.co/qm5ep
    http://pastebin.falz.net/2506462
    https://paiza.io/projects/cgiFnomcTYvIwSym4o9ntg?language=php
    https://paste.toolforge.org/view/64905ede
    https://snippet.host/rxqoyw
    https://telegra.ph/adsadasfd-11-14
    https://www.pastery.net/wwtcen/
    https://bitbin.it/IKcQBXX1/
    https://pastebin.com/FGcbDnb9
    https://jsbin.com/wilabetuxu/edit?html,output
    https://issuu.com/sadfsdsd
    https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/beCcg2
    http://healingxchange.ning.com/photo/albums/asdasdas
    https://sdsfsd.onesmablog.com/fdsfdgf-63091078
    https://sadaasdas.acidblog.net/54169260/sgfdgdf
    https://sadasdas.full-design.com/dsfsdfdgfd-65950923
    https://sadasdfs.tinyblogging.com/fsdfsdgf-66555058
    https://asdasdd.ampblogs.com/dsfgdgdf-59695192
    https://sadasdasd.ampedpages.com/dsgfdgdf-50699256
    https://sadasdas.thezenweb.com/fgfdhgh-60553176
    https://sdadasdsfs.pages10.com/dsdgdgdf-58835961
    https://sadasdf.pointblog.net/sfddsds-63925497
    https://sadasfdsfd.bloguetechno.com/sdfssd-58592384
    https://dsfsgfg.bluxeblog.com/55000164/dsfsdfgdf

  • asdadas

    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-et75rfm0fqdaduc
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Marvels—-Turkce-Dublaj-Tek-Parca-4k-1080p-Full-HD-filmi-seyr-dfxkzkpw0jmt10f
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-rawnjtoy4xjuqmg
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Marvels-Filmi-Full-Izle-2023-Turkce-altyazl-Izle-MP4720p-080p-9ruwagg6vzzrnj0
    https://gamma.app/public/Ataturk-1881—-1919-1-Film-Filmi-Tam-Surum-2023-HD-Turkce-dublajl-ar68eo6lqwthzjw
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-prgsgel3o67hq2q
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Ataturk-1881—-1919-1-Film-izle—-2023-Turkce-Dublaj-Ful-hv1exzxlvogq9y3
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Marvels-Filmi-Full-Izle-2023-Turkce-altyazl-Izle-MP4720p-080p-itpzhqe02d1ccm6
    https://gamma.app/public/Cok-Ask-Filmi-Tam-Surum-2023-HD-Turkce-dublajl-9i3qpoensbto4kf
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-The-Marvels-izle—-2023-Turkce-Dublaj-Full-Hd-Izle-lmp9arbqg4hl4g2
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Marvels—-Turkce-Dublaj-Tek-Parca-4k-1080p-Full-HD-filmi-seyr-euli1e3vsohovdi
    https://gamma.app/public/Tum-Film-Troller-Hep-Beraber-izle—-2023-Turkce-Dublaj-Full-Hd-Iz-8kbuoixb1xae8go
    https://pastelink.net/8qrlvsn4
    https://onlinegdb.com/3WLbOsqCb
    https://paste.mozilla.org/hTDEfDpP
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/3de23d04
    https://notes.io/wwteH
    https://jsitor.com/G6MUIPY8Wi
    https://yamcode.com/sadasdadfd
    http://ben-kiki.org/ypaste/data/84328/index.html
    https://ideone.com/vdlVtH
    https://justpaste.it/2j8ro
    https://rentry.co/xe6av
    http://pastebin.falz.net/2506433
    https://paiza.io/projects/V8oITm3dNUnZfvdkBnAIOw?language=php
    https://paste.toolforge.org/view/55e5a9ee
    https://snippet.host/mjvqts
    https://telegra.ph/fsdfsfsd-11-13
    https://www.pastery.net/pqxhvb/
    https://bitbin.it/yr2qzlHH/
    https://jsbin.com/ceyeqedaje/edit?html,output
    https://pastebin.com/sc1SRSF4
    https://www.bankier.pl/forum/wiadomosc-zapisana?post_id=63453807&obs=&emal=&st=1&thread_id=
    https://issuu.com/sadasdaf
    https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/XyyLxY
    http://healingxchange.ning.com/photo/albums/sdfsfsd
    https://club.vexanium.com/user/dashuban123
    https://community.gaeamobile.com/member/1061505-sadasdafea

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