sustainability · 4883 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

4884 comments

Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!

  • tktekteku

    https://wokwi.com/projects/402539701143812097
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402539809886400513
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402539857080719361
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402539906192882689
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402539966327676929
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402540018027720705
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402540069455135745
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402540113915810817
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402540166258636801
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402540214037014529
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402540263666123777
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402540313369680897
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402540360970851329
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402540450891528193
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402540659872829441
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402540715362451457
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402540767049934849
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402541662847820801
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402541707700673537
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402541753173237761
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402541797996732417
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402541842824419329
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402541887745434625
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402541967925875713
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542031804105729
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542082878160897
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542130213000193
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542177505890305
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542228954291201
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542301112062977
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542384611237889
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542437487785985
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542498476128257
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542545291909121
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542591401994241
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542654618556417
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542697379491841
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542774615518209
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542823919572993
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402542876307496961

    https://paste.rs/gjPGj.txt
    https://jsfiddle.net/sx1gpf2u/
    https://snippet.host/yntpbn
    https://paste.centos.org/view/6bcf2d19
    https://paste.ofcode.org/fq8VudiaW3sbyqnbJyea9D
    https://paste.chapril.org/?0fedcbdcdc79bcc6#33gAmo8FaXknMpAATtNQeXdf3o9twp654qEo4wJJEvnE
    https://pastebin.com/wPEcXRP8
    https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/cc67610d
    https://paiza.io/projects/vguThGGo8-yDW1Des6pMeQ
    https://tempel.in/view/jMyLS
    https://bitbin.it/gK6oIpDj/
    https://onlinegdb.com/YQjGZLX3Y
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/50f88a06
    https://paste.thezomg.com/208745/20164330/
    https://ivpaste.com/v/mSqtXRPh4K
    https://binshare.net/ZwLAksDEy9x46PWuw40E
    https://paste.myst.rs/s1gt03ne
    https://sharetext.me/lfnhmx9tlj

  • eawegawe

    https://cuevanaverm3gan2023hd4klatino.statuspage.io/
    https://repelis-ver-m3gan-hd-latino.statuspage.io/
    https://ver-pelisplus-la-ballena-the-whale-latino.statuspage.io/
    https://laballenathewhale4klatino.statuspage.io/
    https://terrifer2espanol4klatino.statuspage.io/
    https://jhon-wick-2-2023-espanol-latino.statuspage.io/
    https://el-piloto-2023-espanol-latino.statuspage.io/
    https://super-mario-bros-la-pelicula-latino.statuspage.io/
    https://ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-2023-4k-latino.statuspage.io/

    https://www.flowcode.com/page/m3gan-2023-latino
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/repelism3gan2023eslatino
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/laballenathewhalelatinocuevana
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/laballenapelicula4kylatino
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/terrifier2espanolylatino
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/cuevana3-ver-jhonwick4-latino
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/repelis-el-piloto-2023-latino
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/supermariobroslapeliculalatino
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/antmanylaavispaquantumania
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/shazamlafuriadelosdiosesonline

    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/hdonlinever/job/ver-hd-m3gan-2023-JwQD
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/hdonlinever/job/pelisplus-ver-la-ba-1lg2
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/hdonlinever/job/ver-terrifier-2-peli-wmki

    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/megapelisplus/job/cuevana3-john-wick-lw8u
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/megapelisplus/job/cuevana3-john-wick-lw8u
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/megapelisplus/job/ver-super-mario-bro-1Bmj

    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/hdrepelisplus/job/ver-ant-man-y-la-av-ujMK
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/hdrepelisplus/job/repelis-la-novia-d-9vLm
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/hdrepelisplus/job/ver-shazam-la-fur-o2gQ

    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/pelisplusonline/job/cuevana3-ver-llama-Cyxt
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/pelisplusonline/job/asterix-y-obelix-el-f6Yk
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/pelisplusonline/job/las-paredes-hablan-2-LBcx

  • Series Movies

    https://bulios.com/status/80569-4k-regarder-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-streaming-2022-vf-france
    https://bulios.com/status/80568-2k-voir-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-en-streaming-vf-2022-film-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/80567-films-voir-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-2022-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/80566-voir-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2022-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/80565-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-streaming-vf-complet-vostfr-gratuit-en-francais-2022
    https://bulios.com/status/80563-voir-les-banshees-d-inisherin-streaming-vf-2022-fr-complet-gratuit-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/80562-voir-les-banshees-d-inisherin-streaming-vf-2022-fr-complet-entier-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/80561-regarder-les-banshees-d-inisherin-2022-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/80560-films-voir-les-banshees-d-inisherin-2022-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/80558-les-banshees-d-inisherin-2022-complet-en-francaishttps://bulios.com/status/80040-regarder-glass-onion-a-knives-out-mystery-film-streaming-vf-2022-hd-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/80038-glass-onion-a-knives-out-mystery-streaming-vf-complet-vostfr-gratuit-en-francais-2022
    https://bulios.com/status/80036-glass-onion-a-knives-out-mystery-2022-film-complet-vf-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/80033-voir-film-glass-onion-a-knives-out-mystery-2022-complet-streaming-vf-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/80032-film-complet-glass-onion-a-knives-out-mystery-2022-streaming-vf-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/79934-oir-en-ligne-babylon-2022-ilm-ratuit-omplet-ostfr-uhd
    https://bulios.com/status/79932-babylon-2022-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/79931-regarder-babylon-streaming-vf-2022-en-film-complet-en-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/79929-voir-babylon-streaming-vf-2022-fr-complet-entier-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/79927-regarder-babylon-2022-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/79834-regarder-the-pale-blue-eye-streaming-vf-2022-en-film-complet-en-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/79833-regarder-the-pale-blue-eye-2022-streaming-vf-film-complet-en-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/79832-voir-hd-the-pale-blue-eye-film-complet-streaming-2022-vf-vostfr-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/79829-regarder-the-pale-blue-eye-2022-film-complet-hd-streaming-vf-online-et-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/79825-streaming-vf-the-pale-blue-eye-2022-film-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/79639-voir-le-menu-streaming-vf-2022-fr-complet-entier-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/79640-regarder-le-menu-2022-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/79628-voir-le-menu-streaming-vf-2022-fr-complet-gratuit-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/79229-vfstreaming-house-party-2023-streaming-entier-francais-complet-et-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/79228-voir-house-party-streaming-vf-2023-fr-complet-entier-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/79227-regarder-house-party-2023-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/79226-films-voir-house-party-2023-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/79225-house-party-streaming-vf-complet-vostfr-gratuit-en-francais-2023
    https://bulios.com/status/79094-telecharger-moi-quand-je-me-reincarne-en-slime-le-film-scarlet-bond-2022-film-complet-google-drive-mp4
    https://bulios.com/status/79093-moi-quand-je-me-reincarne-en-slime-le-film-scarlet-bond-streaming-vf-complet-vostfr-gratuit-en-francais-2022
    https://bulios.com/status/79091-voir-moi-quand-je-me-reincarne-en-slime-le-film-scarlet-bond-2022
    https://bulios.com/status/79090-films-voir-moi-quand-je-me-reincarne-en-slime-le-film-scarlet-bond-2022-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/79089-moi-quand-je-me-reincarne-en-slime-le-film-scarlet-bond-2022-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/79085-4k-regarder-black-panther-wakanda-forever-streaming-2022-vf-france
    https://bulios.com/status/79083-2k-voir-black-panther-wakanda-forever-en-streaming-vf-2022-film-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/79082-films-voir-black-panther-wakanda-forever-2022-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/79081-voir-black-panther-wakanda-forever-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2022-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/79079-black-panther-wakanda-forever-streaming-vf-complet-vostfr-gratuit-en-francais-2022
    https://bulios.com/status/78685-telecharger-the-whale-2023-film-complet-google-drive-mp4-pas-sur-lk21-rebahin
    https://bulios.com/status/78684-regarder-the-whale-2023-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/78683-films-voir-the-whale-2023-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/78680-voir-the-whale-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/78679-the-whale-streaming-vf-complet-vostfr-gratuit-en-francais-2023
    https://bulios.com/status/78578-regarder-mayday-2023-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/78576-voir-mayday-2023
    https://bulios.com/status/78575-voir-mayday-streaming-vf-fr-complet-entier-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/78574-mayday-2023
    https://bulios.com/status/78571-regarder-mayday-2023-en-streaming-vf
    https://bulios.com/status/78409-stream-fr-voir-le-pire-voisin-au-monde-streaming-vf-2023-gratuit-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/78408-regarder-le-film-le-pire-voisin-au-monde-2023-streaming-vf-complet-hd-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/78407-regarder-le-pire-voisin-au-monde-2023-film-complet-hd-streaming-vf-online-et-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/78406-le-pire-voisin-au-monde-en-streaming-vf-complet-2023-francais-hd-streaming-francais-gratuit-en-ligne
    https://bulios.com/status/78405-regarder-film-complet-hd-le-pire-voisin-au-monde-2023-streaming-vf-francais-et-vostfr-1080p
    https://bulios.com/status/78372-films-voir-m3gan-2022-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/78371-voir-m3gan-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2022-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/78369-regarder-m3gan-2022-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/78355-regarder-film-complet-hd-m3gan-2022-streaming-vf-francais-et-vostfr-1080p
    https://bulios.com/status/78352-m3gan-en-streaming-vf-complet-2022-francais-hd-streaming-francais-gratuit-en-ligne
    https://bulios.com/status/78291-vostfr-le-chat-potte-2-la-derniere-quete-2022-film-complet-streaming-vf-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/78288-films-voir-le-chat-potte-2-la-derniere-quete-2022-francais-sans-compte-1080pfr
    https://bulios.com/status/78285-films-voir-le-chat-potte-2-la-derniere-quete-2022-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/78282-le-chat-potte-2-la-derniere-quete-2022-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/78279-le-chat-potte-2-la-derniere-quete-streaming-vf-complet-vostfr-gratuit-en-francais-2022
    https://bulios.com/status/77815-streaming-regarder-vf-avatar-la-voie-de-l-eau-2022-f-i-l-m-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/77815-streaming-regarder-vf-avatar-la-voie-de-l-eau-2022-f-i-l-m-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/77814-regarder-le-film-avatar-la-voie-de-l-eau-2022-streaming-vf-complet-hd-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/77813-avatar-la-voie-de-l-eau-2022-uhd
    https://bulios.com/status/77809-regarder-avatar-la-voie-de-l-eau-2022-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/77789-avatar-la-voie-de-l-eau-streaming-vf-complet-vostfr-gratuit-en-francais-2022
    https://bulios.com/status/77781-4k-regarder-missing-disparition-inquietante-streaming-2023-vf-france
    https://bulios.com/status/77780-2k-voir-missing-disparition-inquietante-en-streaming-vf-2023-film-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/77322-films-voir-missing-disparition-inquietante-2023-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/77320-voir-missing-disparition-inquietante-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/81553-films-voir-x-2022-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/81554-voir-x-streaming-films-complet-2022-vf-gratuit-hd
    https://bulios.com/status/81555-x-streaming-vf-complet-vostfr-gratuit-en-francais-2022
    https://bulios.com/status/81556-voir-x-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2022-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/81557-films-voir-x-2022-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/81562-regarder-aftersun-2022-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/81563-voir-aftersun-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2022-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/81564-films-voir-aftersun-2022-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/82022-voir-film-donjons-dragons-l-honneur-des-voleurs-2023-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82023-voir-donjons-dragons-l-honneur-des-voleurs-2023-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/82024-voir-donjons-dragons-l-honneur-des-voleurs-streaming-vf-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82025-voir-donjons-dragons-l-honneur-des-voleurs-streaming-films-complet-2023-vf-gratuit-hd
    https://bulios.com/status/82026-films-voir-donjons-dragons-l-honneur-des-voleurs-2023-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/82027-regarder-a-l-ouest-rien-de-nouveau-streaming-vf-2022-en-film-complet-en-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82028-regarder-a-l-ouest-rien-de-nouveau-2022-streaming-vf-film-complet-en-francais-hd
    https://bulios.com/status/82029-voir-film-a-l-ouest-rien-de-nouveau-2022-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82030-films-voir-a-l-ouest-rien-de-nouveau-2022-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/82031-a-l-ouest-rien-de-nouveau-2022-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82032-regarder-le-film-shotgun-wedding-2022-streaming-vf-complet-hd-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82033-streaming-regarder-vf-shotgun-wedding-2022-f-i-l-m-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82034-vfstreaming-shotgun-wedding-2022-streaming-entier-francais-complet-et-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82035-voir-film-shotgun-wedding-2022-streaming-vf-et-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82036-stream-fr-voir-shotgun-wedding-streaming-vf-2022-gratuit-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82323-voir-infinity-pool-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82324-telecharger-infinity-pool-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82325-films-voir-infinity-pool-2023-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/82326-voir-infinity-pool-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82327-regarder-infinity-pool-2023-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/82340-voir-le-film-teen-wolf-le-film-streaming-2023-vostfr-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82341-telecharger-teen-wolf-le-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82342-voir-teen-wolf-le-film-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82343-regarder-teen-wolf-le-film-2023-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/82344-voir-teen-wolf-le-film-streaming-vf-2023-fr-complet-entier-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82583-regarder-film-complet-hd-tar-2022-streaming-vf-francais-et-vostfr-1080p
    https://bulios.com/status/82584-tar-en-streaming-vf-complet-2022-francais-hd-streaming-francais-gratuit-en-ligne
    https://bulios.com/status/82585-oir-en-ligne-tar-2022-ilm-ratuit-omplet-ostfr-uhd
    https://bulios.com/status/82586-regarder-tar-2022-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/82587-voir-le-film-tar-streaming-2022-vostfr-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82592-voir-you-people-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82593-films-voir-you-people-2023-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/82594-films-voir-you-people-2023-francais-sans-compte-1080pfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82595-films-voir-you-people-2023-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/82596-regarder-you-people-2023-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/82599-hd-1080p-left-behind-rise-of-the-antichrist-streaming-vf-2023-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82600-regarder-left-behind-rise-of-the-antichrist-streaming-vf-2023-en-film-complet-en-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82601-regarder-left-behind-rise-of-the-antichrist-film-complet-vf-francais-hd-2023
    https://bulios.com/status/82602-voir-hd-left-behind-rise-of-the-antichrist-film-complet-streaming-2023-vf-vostfr-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82604-film-complet-left-behind-rise-of-the-antichrist-2023-streaming-vf-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82905-voir-le-film-transformers-rise-of-the-beasts-streaming-2023-vostfr-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82906-vostfr-transformers-rise-of-the-beasts-streaming-vf-2023-film-complet-en-francais-hd
    https://bulios.com/status/82907-voir-film-transformers-rise-of-the-beasts-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82908-voir-transformers-rise-of-the-beasts-streaming-fr-2023-vf-gratuit-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82904-voir-transformers-rise-of-the-beasts-streaming-vf-2023-gratuit-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82912-telecharger-les-minions-2-il-etait-une-fois-gru-streaming-vostfr-fr-2022-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82913-films-voir-les-minions-2-il-etait-une-fois-gru-2022-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/82914-films-voir-les-minions-2-il-etait-une-fois-gru-2022-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/82915-voir-le-film-les-minions-2-il-etait-une-fois-gru-streaming-2022-vostfr-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82916-voir-film-les-minions-2-il-etait-une-fois-gru-streaming-vostfr-fr-2022-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82917-voir-le-film-spider-man-convergence-streaming-2023-vostfr-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82918-vostfr-spider-man-convergence-streaming-vf-2023-film-complet-en-francais-hd
    https://bulios.com/status/82919-voir-film-spider-man-convergence-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82920-voir-spider-man-convergence-streaming-fr-2023-vf-gratuit-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82921-voir-spider-man-convergence-streaming-vf-2023-gratuit-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82933-voir-le-film-spider-man-across-the-spider-verse-streaming-2023-vostfr-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82934-vostfr-spider-man-across-the-spider-verse-streaming-vf-2023-film-complet-en-francais-hd
    https://bulios.com/status/82935-voir-film-spider-man-across-the-spider-verse-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82936-voir-spider-man-across-the-spider-verse-streaming-fr-2023-vf-gratuit-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82937-voir-spider-man-across-the-spider-verse-streaming-vf-2023-gratuit-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/82942-voir-kraven-le-chasseur-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82943-telecharger-kraven-le-chasseur-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82944-regarder-kraven-le-chasseur-2023-en-streaming-vf
    https://bulios.com/status/82945-regarder-kraven-le-chasseur-2023-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/82946-telecharger-kraven-le-chasseur-2023-film-complet-google-drive-mp4-pas-sur-lk21-rebahin
    https://bulios.com/status/82949-regarder-the-marvels-2023-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/82950-the-marvels-film-complet-2023-vf-en-cs
    https://bulios.com/status/82951-voir-the-marvels-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82952-telecharger-the-marvels-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/82953-voir-le-film-the-marvels-streaming-2023-vostfr-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/83032-voir-le-film-blue-beetle-streaming-2023-vostfr-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/83034-vostfr-blue-beetle-streaming-vf-2023-film-complet-en-francais-hd
    https://bulios.com/status/83033-voir-film-blue-beetle-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83030-voir-blue-beetle-streaming-fr-2023-vf-gratuit-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/83029-voir-blue-beetle-streaming-vf-2023-gratuit-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/83627-oppenheimer-2023-voir-streaming-vf-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83628-voir-oppenheimer-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83629-telecharger-oppenheimer-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83630-films-voir-oppenheimer-2023-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/83631-voir-oppenheimer-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83632-voir-le-film-super-mario-bros-le-film-streaming-2023-vostfr-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/83633-vostfr-super-mario-bros-le-film-streaming-vf-2023-film-complet-en-francais-hd
    https://bulios.com/status/83634-voir-film-super-mario-bros-le-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83635-indiana-jones-et-le-cadran-de-la-destinee-streaming-vf-complet-vostfr-gratuit-en-francais-2023
    https://bulios.com/status/83636-2k-voir-indiana-jones-et-le-cadran-de-la-destinee-en-streaming-vf-2023-film-complet
    https://bulios.com/status/83637-films-voir-indiana-jones-et-le-cadran-de-la-destinee-2023-francais-sans-compte-1080pfr
    https://bulios.com/status/83649-regarder-crazy-bear-streaming-vf-2023-en-film-complet-en-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/83650-regarder-crazy-bear-2023-streaming-film-complet-en-ligne-gratuit-online-filmplay
    https://bulios.com/status/83651-crazy-bear-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83652-voir-crazy-bear-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83653-telecharger-crazy-bear-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83654-voir-meg-2-the-trench-2023-film-complet-streaming-vf-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83655-voir-meg-2-the-trench-streaming-vf-2023-fr-complet-entier-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/83656-voir-meg-2-the-trench-film-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83657-voir-film-meg-2-the-trench-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83658-voir-le-film-meg-2-the-trench-streaming-2023-vostfr-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/83659-voir-le-film-asterix-obelix-l-empire-du-milieu-streaming-2023-vostfr-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/83660-vostfr-asterix-obelix-l-empire-du-milieu-streaming-vf-2023-film-complet-en-francais-hd
    https://bulios.com/status/83661-voir-film-asterix-obelix-l-empire-du-milieu-streaming-vostfr-fr-2023-complet-en-francais
    https://bulios.com/status/83662-voir-asterix-obelix-l-empire-du-milieu-streaming-fr-2023-vf-gratuit-en-francais-vostfr
    https://bulios.com/status/83663-voir-asterix-obelix-l-empire-du-milieu-streaming-vf-2023-gratuit-en-francais-vostfr
    https://m3gan-filme-completo.peatix.com/
    https://medium.com/@hjfiald/https-bulios-com-status-80569-4k-regarder-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-streaming-2022-vf-fran-53579db2de04
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/assistir-filme-m3gan/job/m3gan-2023-pelicula-LXq8
    https://www.do3d.com/forum/questions-answers-q-a/assistir-filme-m3gan-2022-filme-completo-dublado-e-legendado-em-portuguese
    https://fr.thomasblog.ca/forum/questions-discussions/assistir-m3gan-2023-filme-completo-dublado-online-gratis
    https://www.zavalafarms.com/forum/welcome-to-the-forum/hd-assistir-m3gan-2023-filme-completo-online-dublado-em-portugues-q
    https://www.baguettesdoretfourchettedargent.be/forum/bienvenue-sur-le-forum/hd-assistir-m3gan-2023-filme-completo-online-dublado-em-portugues
    https://www.littleangelgowns.org/forum/general-discussions/assistir-m3gan-2023-filmes-dublado-online-gratis-legendado

  • smarmany

    https://www.flowcode.com/page/llamanalapuertazonapelis
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/4krepelisgratislaballena
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/gratishdasterixyobelix2023
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/4kcuevanapelism3gan
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/gocinepelisterrifier2onlinehd
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/repelishdverelpilotocineaccion
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/marvelcine2023antman
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/magicmikeslastdancepelises
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/pelisinfiestonetflix2023
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/hdcinelaninadelacomunionmp4
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/ver-720p-megaasterix-y-obelix-el-reino-medio-2023en-espanol-y-latino-online-peliculas-cuevana-4k
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/repelis-ver-hd-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-en-linea-hd-1080p-online-pelicula-completa
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/verhd-llaman-a-la-puerta-pelicula-completa-2023-en-espanol-y-latino
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/ver-online-llaman-a-la-puerta-2023-espanol-sub-hd-pelicula-720p
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/ver123pelisplus-terrifier-2-en-espanol-gratis-pelicula-completa-hd-2023
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/4kcinemas-ver-hd-el-piloto-peliculas-accion-2023-online-espanol
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/ver-at-peliculas-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-to-the-swordsmith-village-2023completa-online-en-espanol-y-latino
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/stream/job/ver-online-pelicula-omDL
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/stream/job/asterix-y-obelix-el-LikV
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/stream/job/ver-m3gan-pelicul-zmD0
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/megapremiere/job/la-ballena-whal-EqDX
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/megapremiere/job/4k-el-piloto-2023-Qt8x
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/megapremiere/job/ver-pelis-ant-man-GYwF
    https://cuevana3online-m3gan-pelis-terrorhd2023.statuspage.io/
    https://ant-man-2023-pelisnuevo-marvel.statuspage.io/
    https://vergratis-ant-man-en-cines-max.statuspage.io/
    https://ver-hd-llamanalapuerta-online-2023-zhk.statuspage.io/
    https://elpiloto-nueva-mejor-gratis-4kcuevana.statuspage.io/
    https://hd-terrifier2-terrorlinea-online-4k-mejores.statuspage.io/
    https://johnwick4-ver-hd-streampelicula.statuspage.io/
    https://demon-slayer-pelis-ver-online.statuspage.io/
    https://asterixyobelixelreinomediodramacomediapelishdmp4.statuspage.io/
    https://la-ballena-pelicula-online-hd-linea720p.statuspage.io/
    https://novacinema-vf-film-knockatthecabin2023.statuspage.io/
    https://playfilm-asterix-et-obelix-ligne-streamingmp4vostfr.statuspage.io/
    https://magic-mikes-last-dance-streamingfrench-4k-film.statuspage.io/
    https://vostfr-fr-hd-regarder-alibicom2-film.statuspage.io/
    https://hd-versionfrancais-film-ant-man-marvel2023.statuspage.io/
    https://winnie-the-pooh-blood-and-honey-filmhdfrancais.statuspage.io/
    https://voir-stream-film-maydayplane-fr.statuspage.io/
    https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2445587
    https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2445588
    https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2445590
    https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2445592
    https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2445593
    https://stepik.org/course/137243/promo
    https://stepik.org/course/137246/promo
    https://stepik.org/course/137248/promo

  • smarmany

    https://www.flowcode.com/page/llamanalapuertazonapelis
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/4krepelisgratislaballena
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/gratishdasterixyobelix2023
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/4kcuevanapelism3gan
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/gocinepelisterrifier2onlinehd
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/repelishdverelpilotocineaccion
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/marvelcine2023antman
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/magicmikeslastdancepelises
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/pelisinfiestonetflix2023
    https://www.flowcode.com/page/hdcinelaninadelacomunionmp4
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/ver-720p-megaasterix-y-obelix-el-reino-medio-2023en-espanol-y-latino-online-peliculas-cuevana-4k
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/repelis-ver-hd-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-en-linea-hd-1080p-online-pelicula-completa
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/verhd-llaman-a-la-puerta-pelicula-completa-2023-en-espanol-y-latino
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/ver-online-llaman-a-la-puerta-2023-espanol-sub-hd-pelicula-720p
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/ver123pelisplus-terrifier-2-en-espanol-gratis-pelicula-completa-hd-2023
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/4kcinemas-ver-hd-el-piloto-peliculas-accion-2023-online-espanol
    https://www.podcasts.com/hd-8kpelis-premiere/episode/ver-at-peliculas-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-to-the-swordsmith-village-2023completa-online-en-espanol-y-latino
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/stream/job/ver-online-pelicula-omDL
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/stream/job/asterix-y-obelix-el-LikV
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/stream/job/ver-m3gan-pelicul-zmD0
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/megapremiere/job/la-ballena-whal-EqDX
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/megapremiere/job/4k-el-piloto-2023-Qt8x
    https://jobs.blognone.com/company/megapremiere/job/ver-pelis-ant-man-GYwF
    https://cuevana3online-m3gan-pelis-terrorhd2023.statuspage.io/
    https://ant-man-2023-pelisnuevo-marvel.statuspage.io/
    https://vergratis-ant-man-en-cines-max.statuspage.io/
    https://ver-hd-llamanalapuerta-online-2023-zhk.statuspage.io/
    https://elpiloto-nueva-mejor-gratis-4kcuevana.statuspage.io/
    https://hd-terrifier2-terrorlinea-online-4k-mejores.statuspage.io/
    https://johnwick4-ver-hd-streampelicula.statuspage.io/
    https://demon-slayer-pelis-ver-online.statuspage.io/
    https://asterixyobelixelreinomediodramacomediapelishdmp4.statuspage.io/
    https://la-ballena-pelicula-online-hd-linea720p.statuspage.io/
    https://novacinema-vf-film-knockatthecabin2023.statuspage.io/
    https://playfilm-asterix-et-obelix-ligne-streamingmp4vostfr.statuspage.io/
    https://magic-mikes-last-dance-streamingfrench-4k-film.statuspage.io/
    https://vostfr-fr-hd-regarder-alibicom2-film.statuspage.io/
    https://hd-versionfrancais-film-ant-man-marvel2023.statuspage.io/
    https://winnie-the-pooh-blood-and-honey-filmhdfrancais.statuspage.io/
    https://voir-stream-film-maydayplane-fr.statuspage.io/
    https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2445587
    https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2445588
    https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2445590
    https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2445592
    https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2445593
    https://stepik.org/course/137243/promo
    https://stepik.org/course/137246/promo
    https://stepik.org/course/137248/promo

  • gdfhjdfhdsg

    ​

    ​

    https://thefabelmansstreamingvfligne.statuspage.io/
    https://alibicom2filmenstreamingvf.statuspage.io/
    https://voirzodiettehufreresdudesertstreamingvf.statuspage.io/
    https://voieshazamlaragedesdieuxstreamingvf.statuspage.io/
    https://latourstreamingvfgratuit.statuspage.io/
    https://pourlafrancefilmenstreamingvfgratuit.statuspage.io/
    https://unhommeheureuxstreamingvf.statuspage.io/
    https://thefabelmansstreamingvfligne.statuspage.io/
    https://alibicom2filmenstreamingvf.statuspage.io/
    https://voirzodiettehufreresdudesertstreamingvf.statuspage.io/
    https://voieshazamlaragedesdieuxstreamingvf.statuspage.io/
    https://latourstreamingvfgratuit.statuspage.io/
    https://pourlafrancefilmenstreamingvfgratuit.statuspage.io/
    https://unhommeheureuxstreamingvf.statuspage.io/
    https://thefabelmansstreamingvfligne.statuspage.io/
    https://alibicom2filmenstreamingvf.statuspage.io/
    https://voirzodiettehufreresdudesertstreamingvf.statuspage.io/
    https://voieshazamlaragedesdieuxstreamingvf.statuspage.io/
    https://latourstreamingvfgratuit.statuspage.io/
    https://pourlafrancefilmenstreamingvfgratuit.statuspage.io/
    https://unhommeheureuxstreamingvf.statuspage.io/​

Leave a comment

BLOG