sustainability · 4596 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://os.mbed.com/teams/SleDujte-Motorkari-2024-Cely-Film-Online/

    https://mypaste.fun/rsnzdbylz8
    https://www.tadalive.com/blog/395807/yrilyrliyriyliyriliyliliylryliylyi/
    https://www.surveyking.com/survey/2816
    https://doc.clickup.com/9018117031/p/h/8crb2x7-4018/ce1176fd0e91b11
    https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/4972dd7f3bb045dcf4507c8e29dbd9eb1b1c0a5d2eefda8bb44e79bb64230fd8
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/121593-teuutuekteuktktuek
    https://www.yeuthucung.com/threads/ywjrywjrywjrwjrwyjrwyj.487299/
    https://kitemunity.com/forums/topic/8011/tuektuktuktuktuktkutku/view/post_id/90309
    https://www.snibc.co.uk/fusion/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=9673
    https://www.ofurea.com/forum/thread/2844/etuktuektuektuektuek/
    http://www.limesucks.com/thread/teutuekutekteukteuktuk/
    https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/112288-tktuektukteukutektktuk
    https://diendannhansu.com/threads/ryryjrjwryjrjryjryj.523669/
    https://forum.gamestategames.com/d/3842-jrjryjrjryjrrjy
    https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/yyrwjwrjwyrjjwr.479900/
    https://www.zephyraxis.com/wall/blogs/47016/jrrjrywryjryjyjyrw
    http://opensource.platon.org/forum/projects/viewtopic.php?p=12642576#12642576
    https://forum.instube.com/d/122858-ryjryjryjryjjyr
    https://forum.realdigital.org/d/48096-rywryrywjrywjrywj
    https://toirscript.com/topic/2408/tuktuktukktueukt
    https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/1834/tuktuktuktukutkktektuk
    https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/2598/yrywrywrjyrj
    https://forum.freedom-for-icinga.com/topic/2334/ryjrywjryyrjyjr

  • MEKISAN

    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/trap_streaming_vf_fr_complet_en_francais
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/borderlands_streaming_vf_fr_complet_en_francais
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/alien_romulus_streaming_vf_fr_complet_en_francais
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/jamais_plus_it_ends_with_us_streaming_vf_fr
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/the_crow_streaming_vf_fr_complet_en_francais
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/super_papa_streaming_vf_fr_complet_en_francais
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/mon_ami_le_petit_manchot_streaming_vf_fr
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/golo_et_ritchie_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/le_roman_de_jim_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/les_rois_du_rallye_streaming_vf_fr_complet
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    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/zenithal_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/blink_twice_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/project_silence_streaming_vf_fr_complet
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    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/largo_winch_le_prix_de_largent_streaming_vf
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    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/garfield_heros_malgre_lui_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/comme_le_feu_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/we_are_zombies_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/deadpool_wolverine_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/mon_parfait_inconnu_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/belle_enfant_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/twisters_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/santosh_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/le_larbin_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/diner_a_langlaise_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/moi_moche_et_mechant_4_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/vice_versa_2_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/eat_the_night_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/dosmadres_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/to_the_moon_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/longlegs_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/les_gens_da_cote_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/les_fantomes_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/horizon_une_saga_americaine_chapitre_1_vf
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/le_comte_de_monte_cristo_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/sans_un_bruit_jour_1_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/le_moine_et_le_fusil_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/the_bikeriders_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/haikyu_la_guerre_des_poubelles_streaming_vf_fr
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/un_ptit_truc_en_plus_streaming_vf_fr_complet
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/ver_la_trampa_pelicula_en_espanol_hd
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/ver_borderlands_pelicula_en_espanol_hd
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/ver_romper_el_circulo_pelicula_en_espanol_hd
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    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/ver_gru_4_mi_villano_favorito_pelicula_en_espanol
    https://hybrid-analysis.com/sample/cb071b298dec474f8af6b45cb5a678e2f7d8a58cf23a79a0227fa3483ae8a9c2
    https://hackmd.io/@tawuranae/Sy7dYzboC
    https://wokwi.com/projects/406675516875243521
    https://blog.libero.it/wp/maxprimestream/2024/08/19/nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch/
    https://lilac-seal-kjjtgp.mystrikingly.com/blog/nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch
    https://movies-web4k.alpac.site/nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch
    https://maxfilmsvip.theblog.me/posts/55043299
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    https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/enileyezu/profile
    https://muckrack.com/enil-eyezu/bio
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    https://www.fmscout.com/users/martuiono.html
    https://www.remotehub.com/services/details/nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-it-ends-with-us-66c39ee2edae3a2ca6266a2c
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/145128845/posts/31725552
    https://lifeisfeudal.com/Discussions/question/nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-%E2%80%93-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch
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    https://snippet.host/kwbgid
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    https://diendannhansu.com/threads/jfkkjjutjdjthrhrt.523599/
    https://forum.instube.com/d/122701-nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch
    https://wandering.flarum.cloud/d/96345-nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch
    https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/112282-nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/121422-nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch
    https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch.479898/
    https://www.hebergementweb.org/threads/nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch.1647152/
    https://www.yeuthucung.com/threads/nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-%E2%80%93-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch.487265/
    https://www.tadalive.com/forum/thread/51132/nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-%E2%80%93-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch/
    https://jpn.itlibra.com/board?board_id=5769
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    https://community.tricycle.com/forum/nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch
    https://forum.freedom-for-icinga.com/topic/2333/nur-noch-ein-einziges-mal-it-ends-with-us-stream-deutsch
    http://training.monro.com/forum/posts/m153481-Nur-noch-ein-einziges-Mal—-It-ends-with-us-Stream-Deutsch#post153481
    https://www.jobin.co.za/cv/hamnbani-costes-342322.html
    https://web.extension.illinois.edu/askextension/thisQuestion.cfm?QuestionID=38676&catID=160&AskSiteID=75
    https://hybrid-analysis.com/sample/698c484044b2a6378394f10ea9c9c8b4e6682793ea49bbfe9ee5553cff15bc40

  • kesya amira

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    https://matcherino.com/tournaments/120555/
    https://www.facebook.com/pelisplus.verAlienRomuluspeliculacompleta4k
    https://www.facebook.com/pelisplus.verDeadpool3.wolverinepeliculagratis
    https://www.facebook.com/videa.deadpool.3.rozomak.teljes.film.magyarul.hu
    https://www.facebook.com/ver.Intensamente.2onlinehd/
    https://ctftime.org/team/335334
    https://ctftime.org/team/335361
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    https://ctftime.org/team/335398
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    https://ctftime.org/team/335641
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    https://ctftime.org/team/335827
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    https://ctftime.org/team/335865
    https://ctftime.org/team/335869
    https://ctftime.org/team/335873
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    https://ctftime.org/team/335940
    https://ctftime.org/team/337884
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    https://ctftime.org/team/337957
    https://ctftime.org/team/338002
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    https://ctftime.org/team/338121
    https://ctftime.org/team/338146
    https://ctftime.org/team/338151
    https://matters.town/a/vo17zzx9csi2
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/videa_hu_deadpool_3_rozsomk_teljes_filmek
    https://www.lgbtiqhealth.org.au/watch_deadpool_3_wolverine_online_2024_fullmovie
    http://www.skds.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=symposium&wr_id=414
    https://www.massbike.org/videa_deadpool_3_rozomak_teljesfilmmagyarul1080i
    https://www.massbike.org/verromperelcrculoonlinehdpelculacompleta
    https://www.massbike.org/verromperelcrculoonlinehdpelculacompleta
    https://www.remotehub.com/services/details/cuevana3ver-peliculas-romper-el-circulo-66c3a99dedae3a5452185b9a

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