sustainability · 5649 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

5650 comments

Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!

  • uetkteuktku

    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549691111694337
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549795868698625
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549839104661505
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549913041898497
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549963128186881
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550075596364801
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550121321621505
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550166311837697
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550429843133441
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550472271670273
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550568608550913
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550625829367809
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550673417949185
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550758087327745
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550802501863425
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550871882998785
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550914980531201
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550957445770241
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551098549511169
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551152702178305
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551198114961409
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551262730317825
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551390328398849
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551465868892161
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551521701397505
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551582227323905
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551633475432449
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551688299188225
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551738231329793
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551801334638593
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551846214747137
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551921290696705
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551970180558849
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552011055106049
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552074381765633
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552135908018177
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552182899956737
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552261294654465
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552306588949505
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552361641299969
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552401994703873
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552454620647425
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552500731780097
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552544002320385
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552587869503489
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552643870808065
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552685565337601
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552751816473601
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552807009326081
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552864423067649

    https://paste.rs/pOlFx.txt
    https://jsfiddle.net/72jvucbe/
    https://snippet.host/qmujes
    https://paste.centos.org/view/4868e1c3
    https://paste.ofcode.org/d7UFVVkhmy3uWdi46Nb3AG
    https://paste.chapril.org/?614335d216146090#7nnuvsBqo5o6m9ff7LEzdhum1y4pJzxUPFrCQioCf7qo
    https://pastebin.com/a6EggWqK
    https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/5e0a7800
    https://paiza.io/projects/Cvrs3tgIQ3Z8OVAkkfDN_w
    https://tempel.in/view/A5mSMcr
    https://bitbin.it/qBKbi9aN/
    https://onlinegdb.com/TeWi_EJh_
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/a48a045c
    https://paste.thezomg.com/208750/17201647/
    https://ivpaste.com/v/8LjjOCOydK
    https://binshare.net/ToO4ZD65LBiK4g7nVBpt
    https://paste.myst.rs/b454ar0y
    https://sharetext.me/wftofzkr8q

  • sheela jatav

    https://www.facebook.com/ElitextremeMaleEnhancementOfferUSA/
    Elite Extreme Male Enhancement is a dietary supplement reputed to enhance various aspects of male sexual health and performance. With the increasing demand for natural solutions to tackle issues such as low libido, stamina, and erectile dysfunction, supplements like Elite Extreme have garnered significant attention. This article provides an in-depth review of Elite Extreme Male Enhancement, focusing on its formulation, benefits, potential side effects, and considerations for use.
    https://sites.google.com/view/elitextrememaleenhancementbest/
    https://sites.google.com/view/elitextrememaleenhancementnew/
    https://groups.google.com/g/elitextreme-male-enhancement-offer-us/c/B1gdjXJy2Vs
    https://groups.google.com/g/elitextreme-male-enhancement-offer-us/c/PdlwIlgGGFk
    https://groups.google.com/g/elitextreme-male-enhancement-offer-us/c/OvpTO6xKq88
    https://elitextrememaleenhancementofferusa.blogspot.com/2024/09/elitextreme-male-enhancement-boost-your.html
    https://elitextrememaleenhancementofferusa.blogspot.com/2024/09/elitextreme-male-enhancement-unlock.html
    https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/elitextreme-male-enhancement-unlock-your-potential-experience-peak-performance-with-our-male-enhancement-solution.53257/
    https://medium.com/ElitextremeMaleEnhancementUSA/elitextreme-male-enhancement-maximize-your-potential-effective-male-enhancement-for-confident-1b2b57deff80 https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/https-www-facebook-com-manupgummiessuperaustralia.53261/ https://medium.com/ElitextremeMaleEnhancementUSA/elitextreme-male-enhancement-experience-unmatched-confidence-with-our-revolutionary-male-66739a98cd15
    https://medium.com/ElitextremeMaleEnhancementUSA/elitextreme-male-enhancement-achieve-greater-performance-reliable-male-enhancement-for-enhanced-52f3dc71e65c https://medium.com/ElitextremeMaleEnhancementUSA/elitextreme-male-enhancement-boost-your-confidence-superior-male-enhancement-for-enhanced-16436d161eed
    https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/elitextreme-male-enhancement-revitalize-your-life-discover-the-benefits-of-our-male-enhancement-formula.53269/
    https://www.facebook.com/ElitextremeMaleEnhancementOfferUSA/
    https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/elitextreme-male-enhancement-cf2fc6d133e24abfa84d109ff884d4f0
    https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/elitextreme-male-enhancement-usa-bb101f8c8a964ee9b50d616bf7ff76bb
    https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/elitextreme-male-enhancement-us-e654fa72fb06496ea2ff788fe27ef0e5
    https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/elitextreme-male-enhancement-maximize-your-potential-effective-male-enhancement-for-confident-living.53291/
    https://www.twibbonize.com/u/elitextreme.enhancement.us
    https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/elitextreme-male-enhancement-achieve-greater-performance-reliable-male-enhancement-for-enhanced-vitality.53300/

  • Herpafend jaat

    https://sites.google.com/view/herpafend-reviews-health-us/
    https://www.facebook.com/PrimalXMeGummieSuperUS/
    https://sites.google.com/view/herpafendreviewsfeelyouus/
    https://groups.google.com/g/herpafend-reviews-us/c/WxrfeRVi-hM
    https://groups.google.com/g/herpafend-reviews-us/c/VoP-2XozCfw
    https://groups.google.com/g/herpafend-reviews-us/c/C7C-fCaQGKs
    https://medium.com/HerpafendReviewsUS/herpafend-reviews-unlock-radiant-health-supercharge-your-life-with-powerful-antioxidants-8fe29d32d982 https://medium.com/HerpafendReviewsUS/herpafend-reviews-boost-your-immunity-naturally-the-antioxidant-revolution-awaits-cac515246531
    https://medium.com/HerpafendReviewsUS/herpafend-reviews-antioxidants-unleashed-your-path-to-a-healthier-happier-you-91165c827bb4 https://medium.com/HerpafendReviewsUS/herpafend-reviews-the-ultimate-antioxidant-guide-transform-your-health-77fae171088b
    https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/herpafend-reviews-discover-the-antioxidant-advantage-your-key-to-vibrant-living.54322/
    https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/herpafend-reviews-nourish-from-within-how-antioxidants-can-change-your-life.54336/
    https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/herpafend-reviews-revitalize-your-health-top-antioxidant-picks-for-optimal-wellness.54356/
    https://forums.black-dog.tech/index.php?threads/herpafend-reviews-feel-younger-live-better-discover-the-magic-of-antioxidants-today.54362/
    https://github.com/Herpafend-Reviews-Health-USA/Unlock-Radiant-Health-Supercharge-Your-Life-with-Powerful-Antioxidants-/
    https://github.com/herpafendjaat/Feel-Younger-Live-Better-Discover-the-Magic-of-Antioxidants-Today-/
    https://github.com/herpafendjaat/Revitalize-Your-Health-Top-Antioxidant-Picks-for-Optimal-Wellness/
    https://github.com/herpafendjaat/Protect-Heal-Thrive-Why-Antioxidants-are-a-Health-Game-Changer/
    https://www.tickettailor.com/events/herpafendreviews1/1403209
    https://www.tickettailor.com/events/herpafendreviews1/1403210
    https://www.tickettailor.com/events/herpafendreviews1/1403212
    https://www.tickettailor.com/events/herpafendreviews1/1403213
    https://www.facebook.com/HerpafendReviewsHealthUSA/
    https://www.twibbonize.com/u/herpafendreviewssuperus
    https://www.twibbonize.com/u/herpafendreviewshealthus
    https://www.twibbonize.com/u/herpafendreviewsofficialusa
    https://sites.google.com/view/vitaldynamicsenhancementbuyus/
    https://sites.google.com/view/vital-dynamics-male-now-us/
    https://groups.google.com/g/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-now-us/c/yXhHHUFd3ck
    https://groups.google.com/g/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-now-us/c/V9V-OQFWr9M
    https://groups.google.com/g/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-now-us/c/npA3a4xWlc0
    https://medium.com/VitalDynamicsMaleEnhancementus/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-the-ultimate-male-enhancement-solution-25dd8e6ce4e4 https://medium.com/VitalDynamicsMaleEnhancementus/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-transform-your-intimacy-now-f040efaf0ac4
    https://medium.com/VitalDynamicsMaleEnhancementus/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-get-the-results-youve-always-wanted-4819e60e3f2d https://medium.com/VitalDynamicsMaleEnhancementus/vital-dynamics-male-enhancement-gummies-discover-the-key-to-superior-satisfaction-b3f5b308308d
    https://github.com/Vital-Dynamics-Male-Enhancement-US/Enhance-Performance-Confidence-Today-/
    https://github.com/Vital-Dynamics-Male-Enhancement-US/ransform-Your-Intimacy-Now-/
    https://github.com/Allisonjaat/Get-the-Results-You-ve-Always-Wanted-/
    https://github.com/Vital-Dynamics-Male-Enhancement-US/Elevate-Your-Game-Today-/
    https://www.facebook.com/VitalDynamicsMaleEnhancementGummiesOfficialUS/
    https://www.twibbonize.com/u/vitaldynamicsmaleenhancement
    https://www.twibbonize.com/u/vitaldynamicsmaleenhancementus
    https://www.facebook.com/ElitextremeMaleEnhancementOfferUSA/
    https://www.facebook.com/LibonexGummiesAustriaDe/
    https://www.facebook.com/ManUpGummiesSuperAustralia/
    https://www.facebook.com/TetrablissCBDBloodUSA/
    https://www.facebook.com/VitalSurgeGummiesSuperus/
    https://www.facebook.com/PrimalXMeGummieSuperUS/

  • fgrtgd

    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteVenomPoslednitanecCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteJokerFolieaDeuxCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteTransformersJednaCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteMariaMontessoriCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteProkletiSalemuCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteOskliviCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteSektor36CelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteAnoraCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteNeprivolavejNicZlehoCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/SledujteEmaasmrtihlavCelyFilmCzSk/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/462281773454390/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/862782825818445/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1254290035596680/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1601673110434848/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/3405504699751870/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/3627170107613072/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1226410591881186/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/500235659428835/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1965056887285769/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1258941928862348/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/528898526496080/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/525425133400111/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/954044326754452/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1529588174614002/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1542461386463348/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1927929351010172/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1639988176599983/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/750612817166709/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/834193618899888/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/538900198815408/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/833005115486517/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/871230628287141/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1239618037469342/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/2201930873519083/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/482258754635828/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/443293362084569/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1087633656054980/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1848050709055608/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1616360195615361/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1368472997444413/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/499766782946627/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/26798589723119028/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1197638338185861/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/878131840604479/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/916136473667137/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/452188074535180/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/510635698593473/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/519725910642837/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1568598457070445/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1905092536679395/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/490422717177281/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/861239962377194/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/847308004176016/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1268757300948700/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/3561973074094645/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/496109023182689/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/506331172137191/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/547598784278458/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/766311908908196/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1517261769161857/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/488725210746648/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/807285444643722/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/2306025973095287/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/3733729973558570/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/506400288916093/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1634262697360871/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1686839275506594/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1433389427327384/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1079155270473114/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/962072445686331/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1199345781176242/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/886614036726818/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1709800713102185/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1250373549498561/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/2274819029552307/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/531808345997627/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/862321295868533/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/975441611019178/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1062613745534304/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1215500649653017/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/393333953612488/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/516647057771633/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/816976873645019/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/893687339273224/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/448326047564396/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621191710015489/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-wolfs-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-yify-mov%F0%9D%9A%92es-available/topicid-3621191710015489/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621192412528640/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-wolfs-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-full-mov%F0%9D%9A%92e-available/topicid-3621192412528640/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621193182248961/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-wolfs-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-full-mov%F0%9D%9A%92e-fr%F0%9D%9A%8Ee/topicid-3621193182248961/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621194050437121/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-wolfs-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-full-mov%F0%9D%9A%92e-onl%F0%9D%9A%92ne/topicid-3621194050437121/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621194985701377/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eedownl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-wolfs-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-yify-mov%F0%9D%9A%92es/topicid-3621194985701377/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621195849793536/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-jung-kook-i-am-still-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-yify/topicid-3621195849793536/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621197485604865/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-jung-kook-i-am-still-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-full/topicid-3621197485604865/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621198003568640/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-jung-kook-i-am-still-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-full/topicid-3621198003568640/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621198945124352/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eedownl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-jung-kook-i-am-still-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-yify/topicid-3621198945124352/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621208111775744/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/fr%F0%9D%9A%8Eew%F0%9D%9A%8Atch-jung-kook-i-am-still-2024-yts-to%F0%9D%9A%9Brent-downl%F0%9D%9A%98ad-full/topicid-3621208111775744/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621212578742272/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621213293838336/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621214023680001/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621214512316416/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621214975787009/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621215680397312/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621216032751617/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621216391430144/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621216796180481/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621217242873856/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621217620295680/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621218276737024/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621218700394496/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621219520315393/
    https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/topicid-3621219912515585/
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407267
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407293
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407315
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407327
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407344
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407356
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299145/posts/32407366
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299165/posts/32407440
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299165/posts/32407456
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299165/posts/32407468
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299189/posts/32407768
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299189/posts/32407803
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299189/posts/32407840
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299189/posts/32407853
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299189/posts/32407864
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299201/posts/32407936
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299201/posts/32407950
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299201/posts/32407966
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299201/posts/32407980
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299201/posts/32407998
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299216/posts/32408134
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299216/posts/32408168
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299216/posts/32408179
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299216/posts/32408197
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299216/posts/32408211
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299216/posts/32408230
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299229/posts/32408290
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299229/posts/32408307
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1299229/posts/32408333

  • ddd

    https://billetto.co.uk/users/transformers-one-ful-hd-720p-y-1080p-online/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/pelicula-v-e-r-transformers-one-espanol-2024-ful-hd/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/pelisflix-mp4-hd-transformers-one-_-subtitulado-ver/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/el-teorema-de-marguerite-cuevana-mp4-ful-hd/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/el-teorema-de-marguerite-cuevana-pelis-hd-en-espanol/details

    https://billetto.co.uk/users/espanol-2024-solo-para-mi-ful-hd-pelicula-v-e-r/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/marcello-mio-espanol-pelicula-2024-completa-4k/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/the-concierge-pelisflix-espanol-y-latino/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/megalopolis-ver-la-peliculas-completa-4k/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/megalopolis-online-gratis-pelicula-hd-en-espanol/details

    https://topmate.io/speddddddddddddddddddd_sp/1222998
    https://topmate.io/speddddddddddddddddddd_sp/1222999
    https://topmate.io/speddddddddddddddddddd_sp/1223005
    https://topmate.io/speddddddddddddddddddd_sp/1223008
    https://topmate.io/speddddddddddddddddddd_sp/1223011

    https://topmate.io/fransessssshooooooooo_fra/1223020
    https://topmate.io/fransessssshooooooooo_fra/1223022
    https://topmate.io/fransessssshooooooooo_fra/1223026
    https://topmate.io/fransessssshooooooooo_fra/1223034
    https://topmate.io/fransessssshooooooooo_fra/1223049

    https://heweek468.outgrow.us/heweek468-2
    https://cetnob730.outgrow.us/cetnob730-2
    https://degcos226.outgrow.us/degcos226-2
    https://cetnob811.outgrow.us/cetnob811-2
    https://cetnob354.outgrow.us/cetnob354-2
    https://asaud791.outgrow.us/asaud791-2

  • fdrtgerdgt

    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32431884
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32431895
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432034
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432084
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432093
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432108
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432148
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300338/posts/32432156
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300352/posts/32432186
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300352/posts/32432195
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300352/posts/32432205
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300352/posts/32432210
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432408
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432416
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432430
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432440
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432446
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432457
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300357/posts/32432468
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432508
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432518
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432527
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432534
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432545
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432553
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432562
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432580
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432598
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300360/posts/32432607
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300365/posts/32432639
    https://www.strava.com/clubs/1300365/posts/32432642

Leave a comment

BLOG