sustainability · 4691 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

4692 comments

Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!

  • uetkteuktku

    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549691111694337
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549795868698625
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549839104661505
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549913041898497
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549963128186881
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550075596364801
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550121321621505
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550166311837697
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550429843133441
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550472271670273
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550568608550913
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550625829367809
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550673417949185
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550758087327745
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550802501863425
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550871882998785
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550914980531201
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550957445770241
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551098549511169
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551152702178305
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551198114961409
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551262730317825
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551390328398849
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551465868892161
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551521701397505
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551582227323905
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551633475432449
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551688299188225
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551738231329793
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551801334638593
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551846214747137
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551921290696705
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551970180558849
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552011055106049
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552074381765633
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552135908018177
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552182899956737
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552261294654465
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552306588949505
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552361641299969
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552401994703873
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552454620647425
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552500731780097
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552544002320385
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552587869503489
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552643870808065
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552685565337601
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552751816473601
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552807009326081
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552864423067649

    https://paste.rs/pOlFx.txt
    https://jsfiddle.net/72jvucbe/
    https://snippet.host/qmujes
    https://paste.centos.org/view/4868e1c3
    https://paste.ofcode.org/d7UFVVkhmy3uWdi46Nb3AG
    https://paste.chapril.org/?614335d216146090#7nnuvsBqo5o6m9ff7LEzdhum1y4pJzxUPFrCQioCf7qo
    https://pastebin.com/a6EggWqK
    https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/5e0a7800
    https://paiza.io/projects/Cvrs3tgIQ3Z8OVAkkfDN_w
    https://tempel.in/view/A5mSMcr
    https://bitbin.it/qBKbi9aN/
    https://onlinegdb.com/TeWi_EJh_
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/a48a045c
    https://paste.thezomg.com/208750/17201647/
    https://ivpaste.com/v/8LjjOCOydK
    https://binshare.net/ToO4ZD65LBiK4g7nVBpt
    https://paste.myst.rs/b454ar0y
    https://sharetext.me/wftofzkr8q

  • storyline

    https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/film-fr-la-fille-de-son-père-2023-streaming-vf-fr-complet-en-francais
    https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/vostfr-aquaman-2-film-complet-ｓｔｒｅａｍｉｎｇ-ｖｆ-ｅｎ-ｆｒａｎçａｉｓ/
    https://github.com/apps/vostvr-aquaman-2-film-complet-c
    https://github.com/apps/voir-aquaman-2-streaming-vf-2023
    https://github.com/apps/aquaman-2-vostfr-2023-streaming-vf
    https://github.com/apps/voir-aquaman-2-streaming-vf-hd
    https://github.com/apps/film-fr-aquaman-2-en-francais
    https://github.com/apps/milady-2023-en-streaming-vf
    https://github.com/apps/voir-milady-en-streaming-vf
    https://github.com/apps/godzilla-minus-one-vf-complet
    https://github.com/apps/ma-france-a-moi-streaming-vf-2023
    https://github.com/apps/la-fille-de-son-pere-2023-vf-en-hd

    https://open.firstory.me/user/clqahztkv00iw01ti0gwn32my
    https://tautaruna.nra.lv/forums/tema/52738-lafilledesonperegoogledrivestreamingvostfr/
    https://www.forexagone.com/forum/questions-debutants/akuadalahaquaman2penguasalautangoogle-93651#191139
    https://medium.com/@vanessalaura823/voir-la-fille-de-son-père-2023-en-streaming-vf-vostfr-76f969081e8e
    https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/TeHQtK
    https://club.vexanium.com/user/adelia_kimung

  • asdas

    https://gamma.app/public/Love-Life-Light-20231080P-q6s4qcuslzdndc0
    https://gamma.app/public/Love-Life-Light-HD-w4n5s2t047t8jo3
    https://gamma.app/public/Love-Life-Light-2023-uypxold41gsrivp
    https://gamma.app/public/Love-Life-LightZh—9ku3mwn8c5hwd8j
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD-Love-Life-Light-tf23r1n2fq3occk
    https://gamma.app/public/Love-Life-Light-HD-2023-l874gb65sqrp3no
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Invisible-Guest-20231080P-gr5sxzzvtmqcqj4
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Invisible-Guest-2023-HD-p6h6frsh1ty8xvk
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Invisible-Guest-HD-5ftwc926hkpf8nq
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Invisible-Guest-2023-htp65t6njhh2c90
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD-The-Invisible-Guest-f2s51t2ecc93o9g
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Invisible-Guest-HD-2023-3wnbwy3z7z1k79e
    https://gamma.app/public/Wolf-Hiding-20231080P-ub7yc2lfu3fssdp
    https://gamma.app/public/Wolf-Hiding-2023-HD-mq5rkge6npai7ak
    https://gamma.app/public/Wolf-Hiding-HD-tw63glujnfyrn41
    https://gamma.app/public/Wolf-Hiding-2023-lewmtzbg26zyz1c
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD-Wolf-Hiding-qyoz2ngt2j05qwf
    https://gamma.app/public/Wolf-Hiding-HD-2023-m5p2hg6m1hl0iy0
    https://gamma.app/public/Endless-Journey-20231080P-9nivsfjbzdq7izz
    https://gamma.app/public/Endless-Journey-2023-HD-eskbdyl91byva0c
    https://gamma.app/public/Endless-Journey-HD-jp1z6x7jwn4iz2x
    https://gamma.app/public/Endless-Journey-2023-pmi0zy5poas9nkd
    https://gamma.app/public/Endless-JourneyZh—wvkhro86zcopafz
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD-Endless-Journey-97aeyv4arqrx4ml
    https://web.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100448460153108
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior—2023/c/yA3qtgk2QB8
    https://groups.google.com/g/—1080p-hdtw/c/c8h9Rj89Trc
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-1080p—twmd/c/GnOP7zhxVJU
    https://groups.google.com/g/——2023-hd/c/yfQPbmi0z38
    https://groups.google.com/g/—moonlight-warrior—hd-2023/c/qibQ-IwbYAo
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior-2023hd/c/Oj77B4SCXT4
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-moonlight-warrior—2023-hd/c/xCPHhAuMJeo
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior—hdnew/c/8MY_fHOwsZU
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior-20231080p4k/c/14J3XtF61zs
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey-20234k/c/OZEPHCpsKtw
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-endless-journey—2023-hd/c/lKJHGQ1lOA
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey—hd2023/c/nZPs6ErT9yk
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey-/c/JmOuEOy858o
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey—2023zh/c/wULnEkhLtnw
    https://groups.google.com/g/—1080p-hdtw2023/c/ttbXxHHj9A
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-1080p—twmd-endles-journey/c/K    1bk6-d5ts
    https://groups.google.com/g/2023—endless-journey——taiwan/c/1Uu7kExfMvg
    https://groups.google.com/g/-heroes-of-dunhuang-20231080p/c/u0GZc2ycZrg
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-heroes-of-dunhuang—2023-hd/c/CtzfJXO8KwI
    https://groups.google.com/g/-heroes-of-dunhuang—hd/c/pl3psWsGFzs
    https://groups.google.com/g/-heroes-of-dunhuang-2023/c/OTDbe-SHctI
    https://groups.google.com/g/—1080p-hdtw20234k/c/QWWyqAzAJXA
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-1080p—twmd2023/c/bl9qpXif1gA
    https://groups.google.com/g/2023—heroes-of-dunhuang——taiwan/c/bU2Lxmt    zQM
    https://groups.google.com/g/—heroes-of-dunhuang—hd-2023/c/-YxkNeeS2ic
    https://groups.google.com/g/-2023-hd-heroes-of-dunhuang/c/I5YGbPoVwUw
    https://groups.google.com/g/—heroes-of-dunhuangzh-/c/A8iJmfpoasM
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-goldfinger-20231080p/c/I6T6VMtvLv8
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-the-goldfinger—2023-hd/c/68bdcJkCRyA
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-goldfinger-2023/c/9VnO0UFpaWs
    https://groups.google.com/g/—the-goldfingerzh-/c/IJ4NzLniYGE
    https://groups.google.com/g/-2023-hd-the-goldfinger/c/JFxDm8CF80k
    https://groups.google.com/g/2023—the-goldfinger——taiwan/c/LPf3R6JdB1g
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-goldfinger—2023/c/-6KiigLAAac
    https://groups.google.com/g/the-gold-finger-hd/c/YUtXcpQITMQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/——2023-the-gold-finger/c/lIo3mIGg6VM
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-shop-of-the-lamp-20231080p/c/ha2oE3vz3P4
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-the-shop-of-the-lamp—2023-hd/c/CyH3YklQHtw
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-shop-of-the-lamp—2023/c/Jy3jssysD9w
    https://groups.google.com/g/2023—the-shop-of-the-lamp——taiwan/c/JQKVAo8WdrA
    https://groups.google.com/g/—the-shop-of-the-lamp—hd-2023/c/CyQJ-pfGHiM
    https://groups.google.com/g/—the-shop-of-the-lampzh-/c/LCntFuk3KSw

  • asdas

    https://gamma.app/public/Love-Life-Light-20231080P-q6s4qcuslzdndc0
    https://gamma.app/public/Love-Life-Light-HD-w4n5s2t047t8jo3
    https://gamma.app/public/Love-Life-Light-2023-uypxold41gsrivp
    https://gamma.app/public/Love-Life-LightZh—9ku3mwn8c5hwd8j
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD-Love-Life-Light-tf23r1n2fq3occk
    https://gamma.app/public/Love-Life-Light-HD-2023-l874gb65sqrp3no
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Invisible-Guest-20231080P-gr5sxzzvtmqcqj4
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Invisible-Guest-2023-HD-p6h6frsh1ty8xvk
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Invisible-Guest-HD-5ftwc926hkpf8nq
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Invisible-Guest-2023-htp65t6njhh2c90
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD-The-Invisible-Guest-f2s51t2ecc93o9g
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Invisible-Guest-HD-2023-3wnbwy3z7z1k79e
    https://gamma.app/public/Wolf-Hiding-20231080P-ub7yc2lfu3fssdp
    https://gamma.app/public/Wolf-Hiding-2023-HD-mq5rkge6npai7ak
    https://gamma.app/public/Wolf-Hiding-HD-tw63glujnfyrn41
    https://gamma.app/public/Wolf-Hiding-2023-lewmtzbg26zyz1c
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD-Wolf-Hiding-qyoz2ngt2j05qwf
    https://gamma.app/public/Wolf-Hiding-HD-2023-m5p2hg6m1hl0iy0
    https://gamma.app/public/Endless-Journey-20231080P-9nivsfjbzdq7izz
    https://gamma.app/public/Endless-Journey-2023-HD-eskbdyl91byva0c
    https://gamma.app/public/Endless-Journey-HD-jp1z6x7jwn4iz2x
    https://gamma.app/public/Endless-Journey-2023-pmi0zy5poas9nkd
    https://gamma.app/public/Endless-JourneyZh—wvkhro86zcopafz
    https://gamma.app/public/2023-HD-Endless-Journey-97aeyv4arqrx4ml
    https://web.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100448460153108
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior—2023/c/yA3qtgk2QB8
    https://groups.google.com/g/—1080p-hdtw/c/c8h9Rj89Trc
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-1080p—twmd/c/GnOP7zhxVJU
    https://groups.google.com/g/——2023-hd/c/yfQPbmi0z38
    https://groups.google.com/g/—moonlight-warrior—hd-2023/c/qibQ-IwbYAo
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior-2023hd/c/Oj77B4SCXT4
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-moonlight-warrior—2023-hd/c/xCPHhAuMJeo
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior—hdnew/c/8MY_fHOwsZU
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior-20231080p4k/c/14J3XtF61zs
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey-20234k/c/OZEPHCpsKtw
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-endless-journey—2023-hd/c/lKJHGQ1lOA
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey—hd2023/c/nZPs6ErT9yk
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey-/c/JmOuEOy858o
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey—2023zh/c/wULnEkhLtnw
    https://groups.google.com/g/—1080p-hdtw2023/c/ttbXxHHj9A
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-1080p—twmd-endles-journey/c/K    1bk6-d5ts
    https://groups.google.com/g/2023—endless-journey——taiwan/c/1Uu7kExfMvg
    https://groups.google.com/g/-heroes-of-dunhuang-20231080p/c/u0GZc2ycZrg
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-heroes-of-dunhuang—2023-hd/c/CtzfJXO8KwI
    https://groups.google.com/g/-heroes-of-dunhuang—hd/c/pl3psWsGFzs
    https://groups.google.com/g/-heroes-of-dunhuang-2023/c/OTDbe-SHctI
    https://groups.google.com/g/—1080p-hdtw20234k/c/QWWyqAzAJXA
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-1080p—twmd2023/c/bl9qpXif1gA
    https://groups.google.com/g/2023—heroes-of-dunhuang——taiwan/c/bU2Lxmt    zQM
    https://groups.google.com/g/—heroes-of-dunhuang—hd-2023/c/-YxkNeeS2ic
    https://groups.google.com/g/-2023-hd-heroes-of-dunhuang/c/I5YGbPoVwUw
    https://groups.google.com/g/—heroes-of-dunhuangzh-/c/A8iJmfpoasM
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-goldfinger-20231080p/c/I6T6VMtvLv8
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-the-goldfinger—2023-hd/c/68bdcJkCRyA
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-goldfinger-2023/c/9VnO0UFpaWs
    https://groups.google.com/g/—the-goldfingerzh-/c/IJ4NzLniYGE
    https://groups.google.com/g/-2023-hd-the-goldfinger/c/JFxDm8CF80k
    https://groups.google.com/g/2023—the-goldfinger——taiwan/c/LPf3R6JdB1g
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-goldfinger—2023/c/-6KiigLAAac
    https://groups.google.com/g/the-gold-finger-hd/c/YUtXcpQITMQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/——2023-the-gold-finger/c/lIo3mIGg6VM
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-shop-of-the-lamp-20231080p/c/ha2oE3vz3P4
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-the-shop-of-the-lamp—2023-hd/c/CyH3YklQHtw
    https://groups.google.com/g/-the-shop-of-the-lamp—2023/c/Jy3jssysD9w
    https://groups.google.com/g/2023—the-shop-of-the-lamp——taiwan/c/JQKVAo8WdrA
    https://groups.google.com/g/—the-shop-of-the-lamp—hd-2023/c/CyQJ-pfGHiM
    https://groups.google.com/g/—the-shop-of-the-lampzh-/c/LCntFuk3KSw

  • segse

    https://vk.com/715280709-20231080p https://vk.com/fullversionhd-2023hd-twhk
    https://vk.com/chyoumai-2023-hd https://vk.com/blurayhd1080p-endless-journey-hd-2023
    https://vk.com/movp95boxoffice-2023 https://medium.com/aryanfardian841/%E7%9E%92%E5%A4%A9%E8%BF%87%E6%B5%B7-%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC-%E8%A7%80%E7%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E5%9C%A8%E7%B7%9A-hd-2023-%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88-1080p-266b8081024e
    https://medium.com/the-invisible-guest-2023/%E7%9E%92%E5%A4%A9%E8%BF%87%E6%B5%B7-the-invisible-guest-2023-%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88-1080p-%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%85%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1-cbfd1b2a6f20 https://medium.com/aryasaepul7543/%E7%9E%92%E5%A4%A9%E8%BF%87%E6%B5%B7%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88-%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E7%9C%8B%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88-2023-%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E8%A7%82%E7%9C%8B-1080p-33d6b0955750
    https://medium.com/yogasandi530/%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%9F-endless-journey-2023-%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88-1080p-%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%85%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1-a768e1156822 https://medium.com/abdulfahri178/%E7%9C%8B-1080-%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%9F-%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%89%88-%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E8%A7%82%E7%9C%8B-2023-%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%85-0750f39cf42f
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/R3sk6_umt7I
    https://groups.google.com/g/the-invisible-guest-2023/c/hyF8VYFPAeM
    https://groups.google.com/g/hd1804kthe-invisible-guest/c/CPKF0YkDh60
    https://groups.google.com/g/2023—hdbd1080p_hd/c/ksCdaKZtHKo
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/cubUZBeKJZk
    https://baskadia.com/post/1o2m5
    https://baskadia.com/post/1o2x2
    https://baskadia.com/post/1on1i
    https://baskadia.com/post/1onv8
    https://baskadia.com/post/1ooh3
    https://github.com/apps/theinvisibleguestfullversion2023hd
    https://github.com/apps/theinvisibleguest2023fullversion
    https://github.com/apps/2023-endless-journey-taiwan
    https://github.com/apps/endlessjourney2023fullversion
    https://gamma.app/public/HD-1080P-2023-kfi7qpmcd8337xp

  • FDGDF

    https://groups.google.com/g/-no-more-bets-2023/c/Il9zbt-YG-M
    https://groups.google.com/g/-no-more-bets-2023/c/QtKqUpF_rhY
    https://groups.google.com/g/-no-more-bets-2023/c/B1NxWrx23Ps
    https://groups.google.com/g/-no-more-bets—hd/c/Mntr0ubZZj8
    https://groups.google.com/g/-no-more-bets-2023hd/c/i2P2zJNXBZs
    https://groups.google.com/g/—no-more-betszh-/c/FY-3LlFSiXE
    https://groups.google.com/g/-2023-hd-no-more-bets/c/m8LiV1to7Vg
    https://groups.google.com/g/—no-more-bets—hd-2023/c/-8-KpeR1N4Q
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior-20231080p/c/N6omSIAVcIE
    https://groups.google.com/g/—moonlight-warrior—2023-hd/c/2W9xsvWjgoA
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior—hd/c/UORUwFQPbvk
    https://groups.google.com/g/-moonlight-warrior-2023/c/V1sJvbNppCg
    https://groups.google.com/g/—moonlight-warriorzh-/c/5mSEFCwrsm4
    https://groups.google.com/g/-2023-hd-moonlight-warrior/c/2CJee4JgBik
    https://groups.google.com/g/—moonlight-warrior-/c/MthYFYmMZTk
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey-20231080p/c/m4wNdqebGcU
    https://groups.google.com/g/5-2023-/c/7gx57weBY4M
    https://groups.google.com/g/—endless-journey—2023-hd/c/hevIE03M4_I
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey—hd/c/x7caOFaFiZE
    https://groups.google.com/g/-endless-journey-2023/c/KO91REe3jMs
    https://groups.google.com/g/—endless-journeyzh-/c/yULyTSEtAcg
    https://groups.google.com/g/-2023-hd-endless-journey/c/oTilCDNQ59E
    https://groups.google.com/g/—endless-journey—hd-2023/c/KTfz4Bjkhxc
    https://groups.google.com/g/atatrk-1881—-1919-1-film2023/c/DZ28xPXH14s
    https://groups.google.com/g/tm-film-atatrk-1881—-1919-1-film-izle—-2023—trke-dublaj/c/wfoRU7Ryk10
    https://groups.google.com/g/atatrk-1881—-1919-1-film—-trke-dublaj-tek-parca-4k-1080p-/c/uHOHnZqFR_o
    https://groups.google.com/g/atatrk-1881—-1919-1-film-full-zle-2023-tek-para-1080p-trke/c/bEASK8BGtM8
    https://groups.google.com/g/tm-film-atatrk-1881—-1919-1-/c/aMySSVIexT8
    https://groups.google.com/g/atatrk-1881—-1919-1-film-filmi-full-zle-2023-trke—080p/c/HUVdq8uPr6w
    https://groups.google.com/g/—bursting-point-20231080p/c/bY_V-dbKCsY
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-bursting-point—2023-hd/c/1GqejdeZYtg
    https://groups.google.com/g/—bursting-point—-hd/c/9vFGiBmYIaA
    https://groups.google.com/g/—bursting-point-2023/c/bJxhJBTod5w
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-bursting-pointzh-/c/xx1XWVGvKiw
    https://groups.google.com/g/—2023-hd-bursting-point/c/lDf6_XnR8cA
    https://groups.google.com/g/—-bursting-point—hd-2023/c/3UW6FEmsA2U
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/5aplMLSQUCs
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/nWkGog6rLh0
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/GD8vkzxHX3U
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/dhdHyDjbpL4
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.protocols.time.ntp/c/FpKz1QV8Gmg
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.protocols.time.ntp/c/vixSzCX51SM
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.protocols.time.ntp/c/ivFMAiFHSAc
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/di1LdouB0W4
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/kTn5zTSRYxM
    https://groups.google.com/g/-love-life-light—hd/c/Dbj_qioRIPs
    https://groups.google.com/g/-love-life-light-2023/c/CL94fl-nn9o
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/L-C0SXM-5u0
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/ofII496yK2Q
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/tG-UjKTX8Hk
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/Z5Z0aFqNmLY
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/TZ1LCeGfZQ8
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/dQH5s-Mpg44
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/Yk3gU56efnU
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/Nb-yvyxKsfw
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/V-fi6vzOHv8
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/RBVh9ivY5i8
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/Z5Z0aFqNmLY
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/sc6FoZ6H-Q8
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/ez_EVupFPuI
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/mb0eQvOh7tU
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/Yxuf-Wy7XRc
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/jQdpuU1qq8I
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/XJgs1Z__m28
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/2FsRdAfGV04
    https://groups.google.com/g/alt.windows-xp/c/iOgdTUdIdF8
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/4CEVt-nZzdY
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/hqkBzs0URKE
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/maxH5TQYUXc
    https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.project/c/LofKVN-hJa0
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/F0haZXO_7Rs
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/Xq6yb_kZRxQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/sJXQLdX1ZfA
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/5cs04hg8cjY
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/sJXQLdX1ZfA
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/5cs04hg8cjY
    https://groups.google.com/g/comp.mobile.android/c/Xq6yb_kZRxQ
    https://notes.io/wrPN9

Leave a comment

BLOG