Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://wokwi.com/projects/402549691111694337
https://wokwi.com/projects/402549795868698625
https://wokwi.com/projects/402549839104661505
https://wokwi.com/projects/402549913041898497
https://wokwi.com/projects/402549963128186881
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550075596364801
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550121321621505
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550166311837697
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550429843133441
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550472271670273
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550568608550913
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550625829367809
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550673417949185
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550758087327745
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550802501863425
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550871882998785
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550914980531201
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550957445770241
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551098549511169
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551152702178305
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551198114961409
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551262730317825
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551390328398849
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551465868892161
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551521701397505
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551582227323905
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551633475432449
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551688299188225
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551738231329793
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551801334638593
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551846214747137
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551921290696705
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551970180558849
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552011055106049
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552074381765633
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552135908018177
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552182899956737
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552261294654465
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552306588949505
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552361641299969
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552401994703873
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552454620647425
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552500731780097
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552544002320385
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552587869503489
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552643870808065
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552685565337601
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552751816473601
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552807009326081
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552864423067649
https://paste.rs/pOlFx.txt
https://jsfiddle.net/72jvucbe/
https://snippet.host/qmujes
https://paste.centos.org/view/4868e1c3
https://paste.ofcode.org/d7UFVVkhmy3uWdi46Nb3AG
https://paste.chapril.org/?614335d216146090#7nnuvsBqo5o6m9ff7LEzdhum1y4pJzxUPFrCQioCf7qo
https://pastebin.com/a6EggWqK
https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/5e0a7800
https://paiza.io/projects/Cvrs3tgIQ3Z8OVAkkfDN_w
https://tempel.in/view/A5mSMcr
https://bitbin.it/qBKbi9aN/
https://onlinegdb.com/TeWi_EJh_
https://paste.intergen.online/view/a48a045c
https://paste.thezomg.com/208750/17201647/
https://ivpaste.com/v/8LjjOCOydK
https://binshare.net/ToO4ZD65LBiK4g7nVBpt
https://paste.myst.rs/b454ar0y
https://sharetext.me/wftofzkr8q
COPY & PASTE LINK INTO BROWSER
https://github.com/Stree2FriOnlen1080/
https://github.com/Terrifier3FriOnlen1080/
https://github.com/ThewildrobotFriOnlen1080/
https://github.com/Joker2Deutsch2024/
https://github.com/DerwilderoboterDeutsch2024/
https://github.com/DerBuchspaziererDeutsch2024/
https://github.com/HagenDeutsch2024/
https://github.com/Terrifier3Deutsch2024/
https://github.com/Venom3Deutsch2024/
https://plotly.com/~LeydiDi/0/leydi-di-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
https://plotly.com/~LeydiDi/1/leydi-di-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
https://plotly.com/~LeydiDi/2/izlefilmi-leydi-di-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~LeydiDi/3/leydi-di-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~Dengeler/0/dengeler-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
https://plotly.com/~Dengeler/1/dengeler-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
https://plotly.com/~Dengeler/2/izlefilmi-dengeler-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~Dengeler/3/dengeler-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~kabirAzabi/0/kabir-azabi-insi-ve-cinni-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
https://plotly.com/~kabirAzabi/1/kabir-azabi-insi-ve-cinni-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
https://plotly.com/~kabirAzabi/2/izlefilmi-kabir-azabi-insi-ve-cinni-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~kabirAzabi/3/kabir-azabi-insi-ve-cinni-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~GelinTakimi/0/gelin-takimi-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
https://plotly.com/~GelinTakimi/1/gelin-takimi-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
https://plotly.com/~GelinTakimi/2/izlefilmi-gelin-takimi-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~GelinTakimi/3/gelin-takimi-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~KayipKamyon/0/kayip-kamyon-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
https://plotly.com/~KayipKamyon/1/kayip-kamyon-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
https://plotly.com/~KayipKamyon/2/izlefilmi-kayip-kamyon-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~KayipKamyon/3/kayip-kamyon-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~Dabba/0/dabba-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
https://plotly.com/~Dabba/1/dabba-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
https://plotly.com/~Dabba/2/izlefilmi-dabba-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~Dabba/3/dabba-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~YerliFilmler/0/bir-cumhuriyet-sarkisi-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
https://plotly.com/~YerliFilmler/1/bir-cumhuriyet-sarkisi-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
https://plotly.com/~YerliFilmler/2/izlefilmi-bir-cumhuriyet-sarkisi-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~YerliFilmler/3/bir-cumhuriyet-sarkisi-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~Evcilik/0/evcilik-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
https://plotly.com/~Evcilik/1/evcilik-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
https://plotly.com/~Evcilik/2/izlefilmi-evcilik-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~Evcilik/3/evcilik-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~Sinemalar/0/venom-3-son-dans-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
https://plotly.com/~Sinemalar/1/venom-3-son-dans-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
https://plotly.com/~Sinemalar/2/izlefilmi-venom-3-son-dans-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
https://plotly.com/~Sinemalar/3/venom-3-son-dans-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
https://acepobeh.livejournal.com/473.html
https://linksome.me/ufilmdaily/
https://pastelink.net/oq6g7bmq
https://dictanote.co/n/1090608/
https://justpaste.it/ggt6c
https://www.lifesshortlivefree.com/community/vetted-member-instructions/fullhd1080/
https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/26568/fullhd1080
https://forum.realdigital.org/d/209823-fullhd1080
https://forum.daoyidh.com/topic/4241/fullhd1080
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/198664-fullhd1080
https://forum.instube.com/d/160383-fullhd1080
https://justpaste.me/2uUf2
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/82692120-712d-4ce3-a417-53addda6552c
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/b21efe9c-5b93-4ecb-8da3-a7e5f14c50b6
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/dcc688aa-6d7b-463c-8662-23146d875f11
https://linkbio.co/6102000WKB2Wq
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122119550678502092
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122124208412444329
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122199722132069648
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122116735136511424
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122121809324498199
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122121173672473307
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122124522314442186
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122123453306441629
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122104649294569567
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122119515968529987
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122119985564503529
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122122798466496671
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122112175298422963
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/c9beff96-b2a4-44e8-be2f-3e5811017832
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/e064344b-20ae-4150-b6c9-515e4203f491
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/304158e3-54bb-4c0e-965f-5147a152ba4f
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/a52c4b0d-b965-4ce5-bc85-a440689431e2
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/b34bc536-8137-4c1d-8af3-280957c32c3c
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/a4edc750-6e3c-46d7-8730-049aabd6b331
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/1560e985-187a-48bf-970f-8627a66ca3b7
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/3bfc763d-bbbe-450a-8582-ce67f2365eb0
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/32ae689d-e14a-4381-8af5-f69dce730a8c
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/8bafb4a8-c409-4559-a4db-c0875fdae791
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/ed1367fb-17c2-443c-96d7-35f81052ab77
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/a68267d2-8441-4fb2-91f7-296631a4a152
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/d289e8e4-f571-4fc9-b1f2-197e31946825
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/2ae6c3c3-4dab-440c-ad9a-ec6ef7ef693b
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/43dd4c69-0ed7-4684-8689-397ff2e07b24
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/82692120-712d-4ce3-a417-53addda6552c
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/b21efe9c-5b93-4ecb-8da3-a7e5f14c50b6
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/dcc688aa-6d7b-463c-8662-23146d875f11
https://linkbio.co/6102000WKB2Wq
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122119550678502092
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122124208412444329
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122199722132069648
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122116735136511424
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122121809324498199
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122121173672473307
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122124522314442186
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122123453306441629
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122104649294569567
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122119515968529987
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122119985564503529
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122122798466496671
https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122112175298422963
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/c9beff96-b2a4-44e8-be2f-3e5811017832
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/e064344b-20ae-4150-b6c9-515e4203f491
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/304158e3-54bb-4c0e-965f-5147a152ba4f
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/a52c4b0d-b965-4ce5-bc85-a440689431e2
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/b34bc536-8137-4c1d-8af3-280957c32c3c
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/a4edc750-6e3c-46d7-8730-049aabd6b331
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/1560e985-187a-48bf-970f-8627a66ca3b7
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/3bfc763d-bbbe-450a-8582-ce67f2365eb0
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/32ae689d-e14a-4381-8af5-f69dce730a8c
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/8bafb4a8-c409-4559-a4db-c0875fdae791
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/ed1367fb-17c2-443c-96d7-35f81052ab77
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/a68267d2-8441-4fb2-91f7-296631a4a152
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/d289e8e4-f571-4fc9-b1f2-197e31946825
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/2ae6c3c3-4dab-440c-ad9a-ec6ef7ef693b
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/43dd4c69-0ed7-4684-8689-397ff2e07b24
https://github.com/Venom-3-TheLastDance-2024-yts-torenthd
https://github.com/Venom-The-Last-Dance-2024-yts-toreent
https://github.com/VenomTheLastDanceFriOnlen2024Downlod
https://github.com/Venom-3-The-Last-Dance-2024-DownlodHUB
https://github.com/Venom-The-Last-Dance-2024-DownlodHUB
https://github.com/venom-the-last-dance-2024downld
https://github.com/Smile-2-2024-DownlodHUB
https://wokwi.com/projects/412300712583940097
https://paiza.io/projects/ZXAVTwvIWQUMPwVUj1YUDA
https://www.furaffinity.net/journal/10981810/
https://www.bankier.pl/forum/temat_hgjkljhgfgh,68659827.html
https://www.ssplace.miami.edu/members/status/show?id=28936424%3AStatus%3A1539062
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/cafbf3c1
https://jsfiddle.net/39Lfswcb/
https://yamcode.com/jkhgfdghjgyfddfghfrtghjgfghfds
https://hackmd.io/@ghjkjhgjhgf/Hye2IemeJx
https://pastelink.net/4dehjfli
https://pastelink.net/w8ybhn0d
https://pastelink.net/g8v6pb49
https://pastelink.net/mijfcoqy
https://pastelink.net/robp54y6
https://www.pastery.net/jzcbbv/
https://p.ip.fi/QXi-
https://paste.enginehub.org/1sh0V_7PW
https://paste.thezomg.com/233547/29460036/
https://glot.io/snippets/h11j04m92a
https://paste.ee/p/oT0Bc
https://forum.woimortal.com/forum/community/discussions/85192-fghjkhghfdgdsfgdghfghfdghfdghfdgfds
https://pastebin.com/dUDSHif1
https://www.pixiv.net/novel/show.php?id=23245153
https://www.deviantart.com/ghjhgfdgh/journal/sdfdsdfgfdsdfgfdsdfgdsdfdsdfdsa-1112481754
https://www.wowace.com/paste/708eb306
https://www.wowace.com/paste/bb2b1a57
https://www.wowace.com/paste/376fd9c9
https://www.wowace.com/paste/d890bda7
https://www.wowace.com/paste/9694b349
https://www.wowace.com/paste/bee843f0
https://www.wowace.com/paste/e417f9db
https://www.wowace.com/paste/5fe24751
https://www.wowace.com/paste/49d42f46
https://www.wowace.com/paste/0d3d75ee
https://www.wowace.com/paste/585bc914
https://www.wowace.com/paste/c5480819
https://pantip.com/topic/43035571
https://www.bankier.pl/forum/temat_sdfghjgfds,68659899.html
https://tinhte.vn/profile/2024-hd.3056659/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/2-2024-hd.3056664/
https://github.com/venom3-2024-fulmobie-hqhub
https://tinhte.vn/profile/2024-hd.3056617/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/3-2024-hd.3056627/
https://tinhte.vn/profile/2024-hd.3056643/
https://plotly.com/~LeFilm/0/films-voir-vaiana-2-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~LeFilm/1/voir-films-vaiana-2-2024-fr-streaming-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet/
https://plotly.com/~LeFilm/2/voirle-film-vaiana-2-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet/
https://plotly.com/~LeFilm/3/films-voir-the-substance-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~LeFilm/4/voir-films-the-substance-2024-fr-streaming-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet/
https://plotly.com/~LeFilm/5/voirle-film-the-substance-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet/
https://plotly.com/~LeFilm/6/films-voir-monsieur-aznavour-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~LeFilm/7/voir-films-monsieur-aznavour-2024-fr-streaming-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet/
https://plotly.com/~LeFilm/8/voirle-film-monsieur-aznavour-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet/
https://plotly.com/~LeFilm/9/films-voir-4-zeros-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~LeFilm/10/voir-films-4-zeros-2024-fr-streaming-francais-gratuit-et-vf-complet/
https://plotly.com/~LeFilm/11/voirle-film-4-zeros-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet/
https://github.com/gladiator-2-fulmobie-hqhub
https://github.com/singham-again-Fulmobie-hindi-hubhq
https://github.com/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-Fulmobie-hindi-hubhq
https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/fdgdddddddd.496795/
https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/26429/sdaaaaaaa
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/15171/sdfffffff
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/11453/dsfdsfsf
https://forum.woimortal.com/forum/community/discussions/85137-dsff
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/198309-dsfffffff
https://www.lifesshortlivefree.com/community/vetted-member-instructions/fdgfdgdfg/
https://zapp.red/myforum/topic/gcbvvvvv/#postid-29193
https://forum.instube.com/d/159691-dsfffffffff
https://www.furaffinity.net/journal/10981706/
https://forum.papayaplay.com/discussion/76437/bvccccccccccc/
https://forum.realdigital.org/d/208734-dffsdsf
https://highdesertdeals.com/threads/dsfdsfdsf.18384/
https://www.hebergementweb.org/threads/dfssssss.1923195/
https://pastelink.net/6l8imigl
https://paiza.io/projects/RST7o9A5yEAhGNEumXFfaw?language=php
https://ideone.com/BEVGzf
https://bitbin.it/nHqMs1AV/
https://pastebin.com/hf4zfrCP
https://yamcode.com/sfdfds-365
https://rom.curseforge.com/paste/98314993
https://wow.curseforge.com/paste/bb6e77f6
Leave a comment