Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://wokwi.com/projects/402549691111694337
https://wokwi.com/projects/402549795868698625
https://wokwi.com/projects/402549839104661505
https://wokwi.com/projects/402549913041898497
https://wokwi.com/projects/402549963128186881
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550075596364801
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550121321621505
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550166311837697
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550429843133441
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550472271670273
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550568608550913
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550625829367809
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550673417949185
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550758087327745
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550802501863425
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550871882998785
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550914980531201
https://wokwi.com/projects/402550957445770241
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551098549511169
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551152702178305
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551198114961409
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551262730317825
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551390328398849
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551465868892161
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551521701397505
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551582227323905
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551633475432449
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551688299188225
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551738231329793
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551801334638593
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551846214747137
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551921290696705
https://wokwi.com/projects/402551970180558849
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552011055106049
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552074381765633
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552135908018177
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552182899956737
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552261294654465
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552306588949505
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552361641299969
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552401994703873
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552454620647425
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552500731780097
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552544002320385
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552587869503489
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552643870808065
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552685565337601
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552751816473601
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552807009326081
https://wokwi.com/projects/402552864423067649
https://paste.rs/pOlFx.txt
https://jsfiddle.net/72jvucbe/
https://snippet.host/qmujes
https://paste.centos.org/view/4868e1c3
https://paste.ofcode.org/d7UFVVkhmy3uWdi46Nb3AG
https://paste.chapril.org/?614335d216146090#7nnuvsBqo5o6m9ff7LEzdhum1y4pJzxUPFrCQioCf7qo
https://pastebin.com/a6EggWqK
https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/5e0a7800
https://paiza.io/projects/Cvrs3tgIQ3Z8OVAkkfDN_w
https://tempel.in/view/A5mSMcr
https://bitbin.it/qBKbi9aN/
https://onlinegdb.com/TeWi_EJh_
https://paste.intergen.online/view/a48a045c
https://paste.thezomg.com/208750/17201647/
https://ivpaste.com/v/8LjjOCOydK
https://binshare.net/ToO4ZD65LBiK4g7nVBpt
https://paste.myst.rs/b454ar0y
https://sharetext.me/wftofzkr8q
https://paste.enginehub.org/JYesI3oto
https://mosolyogj-2-teljes-film.tumblr.com/
https://bohocrem-karacsonya-teljesfilm.tumblr.com/
https://levels-teljesfilmmagyarul.tumblr.com/
https://vaiana-2-teljesfilmmagyarul.tumblr.com/
https://enekelj-thriller-teljesfilm.tumblr.com/
https://bento.me/bohocremkaracsonya
https://bento.me/mosolyogj-2
https://bento.me/gladiator-
https://bento.me/levels-teljes-film
https://bento.me/wicked-teljes-film
https://bento.me/dear-santa
https://bento.me/ellian-es-a-magikus-kotelek
https://bento.me/a-szerelem-ideje
https://bento.me/a-hullaho-akcio
https://pastelink.net/vhcfh7np
https://pastebin.com/kGKyDyKX
https://paiza.io/projects/Uefba2oBoJ1GUIfKwDaTfw?language=php
https://yamcode.com/untitled-111168
¿Cómo llamar a Latam Colombia desde mi celular? Latam Colombia ofrece un excelente servicio al cliente para los viajeros. Para recibir asistencia en Bogotá, puede comunicarse al teléfono latam colombia bogotá 858 634 9485 (OTA) para cambios de vuelo, reservas o consultas generales.
https://vuelosdesdelahabana.es/articulos/llamar-latam-colombia-desde-mi-celular/
https://github.com/BingoBashGame/Method-Bingo-Bash-Free-Chips-Generator/blob/main/README.md
https://github.com/FreeGameZone/Free-Poker-Gaming-WSOP-Free-Chips-2024/blob/main/README.md
https://github.com/LikesViewsFollowers/Exclusive-Free-TikTok-Likes-Generator-No-Verification/blob/main/README.md
https://github.com/LikesViewsFollowers/Free-TikTok-Views-Generator-Without-Verification/blob/main/README.md
https://github.com/BingoBashGame/Monopoly-Go-Free-Dice-Links-Discord/blob/main/README.md
https://github.com/FreeGameZone/Unlocking-the-Secrets-How-To-Get-More-Dice-On-Monopoly-Go-/blob/main/README.md
https://github.com/FreeGameZone/Free-Poker-Gaming-WSOP-Free-Chips-2024
https://github.com/FreeGameZone/Unlocking-the-Secrets-How-To-Get-More-Dice-On-Monopoly-Go-
https://github.com/BingoBashGame/Method-Bingo-Bash-Free-Chips-Generator
https://github.com/LikesViewsFollowers/Exclusive-Free-TikTok-Likes-Generator-No-Verification
https://github.com/LikesViewsFollowers/Free-TikTok-Views-Generator-Without-Verification
https://github.com/Game-Publisher/Update-Way-How-To-Win-Free-Dice-On-Monopoly-Go/blob/main/README.md
https://github.com/Game-Publisher/Update-Way-How-To-Win-Free-Dice-On-Monopoly-Go
https://github.com/Game-Publisher/tricksfly-wsop-free-chips-Free-Poker-Gaming/blob/main/README.md
https://github.com/Game-Publisher/tricksfly-wsop-free-chips-Free-Poker-Gaming
https://github.com/orgs/FreeWallet2/discussions/2
https://github.com/orgs/FreeWallet2/discussions/3
https://github.com/NFR-2024-Las-Vegas/NFR-2024-Las-Vegas
https://github.com/wsop-free-chips/wsop-free-chips/blob/main/README.md
https://github.com/wsop-free-chips
https://github.com/wsop-free-chips/wsop-free-chips
https://www.furaffinity.net/journal/11011009/
https://www.ford-trucks.com/forums/1771383-safsafsafsa.html#post21413270
https://www.hoyolab.com/article/35199459?create=1
https://wokwi.com/projects/415607880590903297
https://hackmd.io/cJm0ZRpuRvGlbpTaSQ9bIg
https://jsbin.com/hezadadeti/edit?html,css,console,output
https://jsfiddle.net/f3zxby0h/
https://paiza.io/projects/O761Q-T-87Urdumqqhvpgw?language=php
https://www.pastery.net/rwrxux/
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/fddf6e3c
http://www.codyjhughes.com/guestbook/
https://jsitor.com/vXU4isRSnH
https://paste.centos.org/view/ebbacf6c
https://sharetext.me/apwsfonqvp
https://freepaste.link/8tnl8g0jwg
https://www.it-fc.de/index.php/guestbook/index/index
https://anotepad.com/notes/73taq5hq
https://p.ip.fi/7c79
https://www.bankier.pl/forum/temat_safrwrwqrwqrqrwqrqwrqwr,69041351.html
https://paste.myst.rs/7a6ewpmg
https://pastecode.io/s/1r8s1ap9
https://pastefs.com/pid/270485
https://kurasi.co/blogs/news/ktima-mouson-a-vineyard-full-of-history?comment=134644662339#comments
https://posteezy.com/dvsfsfsfasfasfa
https://worldoftanks.curseforge.com/paste/7cde668e
https://teso.curseforge.com/paste/4eef170c
https://wow.curseforge.com/paste/530b8d5d
https://pastebin.com/aaGeqswT
https://paiza.io/projects/GWPQfqTa3f0mfwmidl7mxQ?language=php
https://glot.io/snippets/h25s1r3w0p
https://matters.town/a/ofzqqqkbk3fp
https://jsbin.com/kadoroz/edit?html,output
https://tempel.in/view/Rx3fN4G
https://paste.gd/TV7RsE0L
https://paste.chapril.org/?b52c97e01e79fa77#DJS9tFELhQX9tMcvCT1QSoBjupPHiAwAZ2Eo7XoS1urp
https://paste.imirhil.fr/?461764b4f23219d2#1+oTYGfj7WzPsRCLp44apzFRyHgI3+naYzJYhSb/ihs=
https://paste.rs/vlehg.txt
https://paste.toolforge.org/view/b2957146
https://paste.intergen.online/view/94cc8aa8
https://wokwi.com/projects/415609060389176321
https://forum.daoyidh.com/topic/6491/dfgdfgdfgfdg
https://jsbin.com/?html,css,js,console
http://pastie.org/p/0khocVdgz8rfTO7lDJNPYy
http://ben-kiki.org/ypaste/data/125571/index.html
http://www.convio.com/signup/what-drives-you-crazy-dm.html
https://pastebin.pl/view/f3a246aa
https://doxbin.com/upload
https://pastejustit.com/yne1fcp9et
https://paste.depesz.com/s/eYf
https://pastebin.us/?8a7c26eeb6592590#3qKhWQSATVHcWaVK6MSNXqgemTp89MKoEFTVMiLppKS4
https://pastebin.tv/?73cb3e8e37647981#EqZhHe53uCT7BZcppiXcXFG9v3fn8F1Lf1a9ntn7kQpQ
https://pastebin.one/view.php?link=9f7c23a4
https://paaster.io/DhEwvqDIhOptwohQAmU1d#1BmpQdx7gQtjti6tZFAA7Q1Sol0hLUwfzMwOGcN0t4E
https://justpasteit.org/99cd25
https://forum.instube.com/d/182123-asfasfsafsafsafafas
https://textsaver.flap.tv/lists/6uw1
https://webinpact.com/paste/?id=67459b825af79
https://textbins.online/ujisgrf20m
https://paste.thezomg.com/248049/61475017/
https://www.taptap.io/post/8585179
https://etextpad.com/le6qbrehcf
https://tech.io/snippet/3oO5R3X
https://bryantsmeat.com/blogs/recipes/sausage-gumbo?comment=128891945145#comments
https://sebsauvage.net/paste/
https://paste.jp/bb889c28/
https://www.hearthpwn.com/forums/hearthstone-general/general-discussion/255882-saassafsaf-monopoly-go-hack
https://bento.me/carodejka-2024-cely-film-online-cz-sk
https://bento.me/carodejka-cely-film-online-cz-sk-a-zdarma
https://bento.me/carodejka-cely-film-online-2024-cz-sk
https://bento.me/carodejka-cely-film-online-cz
https://bento.me/carodejka-2024-cely-film-online-cz
https://bento.me/carodejka-cely-film-online-cz-sk
https://bento.me/carodejka-2024-cely-film-cz-sk-dabing
https://bento.me/carodejka-cely-film-online
https://bento.me/carodejka-cely-film-online-cz-sk-a-zdarma-dabing
https://bento.me/sledujte-carodejka-cely-film-online-czsk
https://bento.me/carodejka-2024-cely-film-online
https://bento.me/carodejka-cely-film-online-cz-dabing
https://bento.me/carodejka-2024-cely-film-zdarma-cz-sk
https://bento.me/sledujte-carodejka-2024-cely-film-online-cz
https://bento.me/sledujte-carodejka-2024-cely-film-online
https://bento.me/carodejka-2024-cely-film-cz-sk
https://bento.me/carodejka-cely-fim-cz-dabing-a-zdarma
https://bento.me/carodejka-cely-film-cz-sk-a-zdarma
https://bento.me/carodejka-2024-cely-film-online-czsk
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-cely-film-online-cz-sk
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-cely-film-online-cz
https://bento.me/sledujte-gladiator-2-cely-film-online
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-cely-film-online-2024-cz
https://bento.me/sledujte-gladiator-2-cely-film-cz-sk
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-2024-cely-film-online-cz-sk
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-cely-film-online-cz-sk-dabing
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-cely-film-2024-cz
https://bento.me/sledujte-gladiator-2-cely-film-online-cz
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-cely-film-online-czsk
https://bento.me/sledujte-gladiator-2-2024-cely-film-cz
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-2024-cely-film-online-cz-a-zdarma
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-2024-cely-film-online-zdarma
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-2024-cely-film-czsk
https://bento.me/sledujte-gladiator-2-2024-cely-film-online-cz
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-2024-cely-film-online-czsk
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-2024-cely-fim-online
https://bento.me/gladiator-2-cely-film-cz-sk-a-zdarma
https://bento.me/sledujte-gladiator-2-2024-cely-film-online-czsk
https://bento.me/venom-3-2024-cely-film-online
https://bento.me/venom-3-cely-film-online
https://bento.me/venom-3-cely-film-online-2024-cz
https://bento.me/venom-3-cely-film-online-2024
https://bento.me/sledujte-venom-3-cely-film-online
https://bento.me/sledujte-venom-3-2024-cely-film-online
https://bento.me/sledujte-venom-3-cely-film-online-hd
https://bento.me/sledujte-venom-3-cely-film-online-cz
https://bento.me/venom-3-cely-film-online-cz-sk-a-zdarma
https://bento.me/sledujte-venom-3-cely-film-online-czsk
https://bento.me/venom-3-cely-film-online-cz-dabing
https://bento.me/venom-3-2024-cely-film-online-cz-dabing
https://bento.me/venom-3-2024-cely-film-online-zdarma-cz-sk
https://bento.me/sledujte-venom-3-cely-film-online-cz-sk
https://bento.me/sledujte-venom-3-2024-cely-film
https://bento.me/venom-3-2024-cely-film-online-cz
https://bento.me/venom-3-2024-cely-fim-online-cz
https://bento.me/venom-3-cely-film-cz-sk-a-zdarma
https://bento.me/venom-3-cely-film-online-czsk-dabing
https://bento.me/sledujtered-one-2024-cely-film
https://bento.me/red-one-cely-film-online-cz-sk-a-zdarma
https://bento.me/red-one-cely-film-online-2024-cz-sk
https://bento.me/red-one-cely-film-online-cz-dabing
https://bento.me/red-one-2024-cely-film-online-cz-sk
https://bento.me/red-one-cely-film-online-cz-sk
https://bento.me/red-one-cely-film-online-cz-sk-dabing-zdarma
https://bento.me/sledujte-red-one-cely-film-online-cz-sk
https://bento.me/sledujte-red-one-cely-film-online-cz
https://bento.me/red-one-cely-film-online-czsk
https://bento.me/red-one-2024-cely-film
https://bento.me/red-one-2024-cely-film-online-cz
https://bento.me/red-one-cely-film-online-zdarma-cz-sk
https://bento.me/red-one-2024-cely-film-cz
https://bento.me/red-one-2024-cely-film-czsk
https://bento.me/red-one-2024-cely-film-online
https://bento.me/red-one-2024-cely-fim-online-cz
https://bento.me/red-one-cely-film-cz-sk-a-zdarma
https://bento.me/sledujte-red-one-2024-cely-film
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-2024-cely-film
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-online
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-online-cz-sk
https://bento.me/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-online
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-2024-cely-film-cz
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-czsk
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-hd
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-online-czsk
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-online-cz
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-2024-cely-film-online-cz
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-2024-cely-film-online
https://bento.me/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-sk
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-2024-cely-film-hd
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-2024-cely-fim-online
https://bento.me/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-cz-sk-a-zdarma
https://bento.me/sledujte-odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-czsk
https://github.com/Vaiana-2-film-complet-077
https://github.com/moana-2-films-complet-01
https://github.com/odvazna-vaiana-2-cely-film-onlne-cz
https://github.com/odvazna-vaiana-2-online-czech-republic
https://github.com/cb01-oceania-2-2024-films
https://github.com/vaiana-2-gnzer-film
https://github.com/ganzer-film-vaiana-2-deutsch
https://github.com/assistir-moana-2-2024
https://github.com/assistir-vaiana-2-dublado
https://www.onfeetnation.com/profiles/blogs/vssdfwefwegwegwedwefgweg
https://the-corporate.com/classified-detail/index-google-moana-2
https://wokwi.com/projects/415566479187113985
https://imgur.com/gallery/grvsvxvsvshbsdfvsfewgwegweg-BuSKwVh
https://lebanonhub.app/posts/51264
https://hackmd.io/@poewechan/BJWYnOfQkx
https://www.taptap.io/post/8583064
https://paste.centos.org/view/7387fe52
https://mymediads.com/hrtherwgewfgwewer/
https://forum.instube.com/d/181697-gergerherjgteyeryuerhgerger
https://forum.realdigital.org/d/291932-gwergwegfwenythrtjtrjrt
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/210172-htrjhrgwefwgwhewhwh
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/20522/fuiwehfoihweoifhweoihfw
https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/41094/gwgwehgwefwefwegwe
https://allocine.bandcamp.com/album/begergewefwegwehwe
https://radar.cloudflare.com/scan/71f3e488-bdaa-4021-b77c-900c37eb8145/summary
https://wewepozhan.medium.com/moana-35b1e423f851
https://pastebin.com/57JUsTJk
https://paste.ee/p/dBcv1
https://sfile.mobi/8IxqDLHb1uh
https://rextester.com/ULOLZE60752
https://jsfiddle.net/eg3tqpo6/
https://paiza.io/projects/-qCdaMqFmj3LWeNQPGrKmg
https://pastelink.net/741h22ir
https://telegra.ph/MOANAINSII2INJOJOFEJ-11-25
https://yamcode.com/vdfvdfgheryergeherjerhr
https://pastecode.io/s/tdfimxp9
https://jsbin.com/nugufevuce/edit?html,output
https://sharetext.me/2qf2jf4hvh
https://paste2.org/pbIWZ1L0
https://freepaste.link/doneteqkeg
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/2d4f4e8e
https://paste.mozilla.org/VnDGLNcq
https://www.pastery.net/yameda/
https://www.wowace.com/paste/2a32ad6e
https://wow.curseforge.com/paste/f3d291a2
Leave a comment