sustainability · 5451 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

5452 comments

Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!

  • uetkteuktku

    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549691111694337
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549795868698625
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549839104661505
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549913041898497
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402549963128186881
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550075596364801
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550121321621505
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550166311837697
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550429843133441
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550472271670273
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550568608550913
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550625829367809
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550673417949185
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550758087327745
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550802501863425
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550871882998785
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550914980531201
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402550957445770241
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551098549511169
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551152702178305
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551198114961409
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551262730317825
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551390328398849
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551465868892161
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551521701397505
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551582227323905
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551633475432449
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551688299188225
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551738231329793
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551801334638593
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551846214747137
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551921290696705
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402551970180558849
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552011055106049
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552074381765633
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552135908018177
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552182899956737
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552261294654465
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552306588949505
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552361641299969
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552401994703873
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552454620647425
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552500731780097
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552544002320385
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552587869503489
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552643870808065
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552685565337601
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552751816473601
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552807009326081
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402552864423067649

    https://paste.rs/pOlFx.txt
    https://jsfiddle.net/72jvucbe/
    https://snippet.host/qmujes
    https://paste.centos.org/view/4868e1c3
    https://paste.ofcode.org/d7UFVVkhmy3uWdi46Nb3AG
    https://paste.chapril.org/?614335d216146090#7nnuvsBqo5o6m9ff7LEzdhum1y4pJzxUPFrCQioCf7qo
    https://pastebin.com/a6EggWqK
    https://pastebin.freeswitch.org/view/5e0a7800
    https://paiza.io/projects/Cvrs3tgIQ3Z8OVAkkfDN_w
    https://tempel.in/view/A5mSMcr
    https://bitbin.it/qBKbi9aN/
    https://onlinegdb.com/TeWi_EJh_
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/a48a045c
    https://paste.thezomg.com/208750/17201647/
    https://ivpaste.com/v/8LjjOCOydK
    https://binshare.net/ToO4ZD65LBiK4g7nVBpt
    https://paste.myst.rs/b454ar0y
    https://sharetext.me/wftofzkr8q

  • neyvarlurven

    https://band.link/FxBhA
    https://band.link/z61F3
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104174057/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104108456/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104786850/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104789358/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104159730/
    https://band.link/warrenlastmovie
    https://band.link/thebadguysmovie
    https://band.link/demonslayermovie
    https://band.link/theconjuringmovie
    https://band.link/kheuocbandaumovie
    https://band.link/lamgiauvoima2movie
    https://band.link/theconjuringespanol
    https://band.link/expedientewarren2025
    https://band.link/theconjuring4thaisub
    https://tensor.art/articles/906105234911145234
    https://tensor.art/articles/906106429985835268
    https://tensor.art/articles/906107965436656181
    https://tensor.art/articles/906109625441516652
    https://imgur.com/a/uVQ644a
    https://bio.site/neyvarlurven
    https://muckrack.com/neyvarlurven
    https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/W7W4hg
    https://participons.mauges-sur-loire.fr/profiles/neyvarlurven/
    https://findaspring.org/members/neyvarlurven/
    https://wokwi.com/projects/441443104142141441
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/283623-neyvarlurven
    https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/88765/neyvarlurven
    https://neyvarlurven.graphy.com/courses/neyvarlurven
    https://www.socialbookmarkssite.com/user/neyvarlurven/
    https://baskadia.com/post/8kuj4
    https://blognews.mybloghunch.com/cinematic-treasures-of-2025-stories-that-inspire
    https://multichoicetalentfactory.com/user/76883
    https://hackmd.io/@neyvarlurvens/BJ3P9zj5gx
    https://reretp.medium.com/from-epics-to-indies-must-watch-movies-in-2025-7f3103b09c27
    https://rant.li/neyvarlurven/neyvarlurven
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/1823805c
    https://blognewsdaily.hashnode.dev/from-epics-to-indies-must-watch-movies-in-2025
    https://blognewsdaily.mystrikingly.com/blog/the-films-defining-cinema-in-2025
    https://www.deviantart.com/mikayatensai/journal/Neyvarlurven-1238992441
    https://wakelet.com/wake/XVgSlvncxZUzPYLTzsTEc
    https://telegra.ph/Neyvarlurven-09-07
    https://heylink.me/neyvarlurven/
    https://rentry.co/ry9amcax
    https://protospielsouth.com/user/81694
    https://paste.myst.rs/i6a7w28i
    https://start.me/w/badqzR
    https://portfolium.com.au/huysmankirkpatricdxabz4468
    https://bento.me/neyvarlurven
    https://giare24h.net/topic/neyvarlurven.html?t=199730
    https://ioninja.com/forum/user/neyvar-lurven
    https://raindrop.io/neyvarlurven/neyvar-lurven-59655670
    https://papaly.com/categories/share?id=a7f24c0a34904595b18c0d15d7fba735
    https://solo.to/neyvarlurven
    https://snippet.host/rzkdwc
    https://pastelink.net/5swue6u3

  • YOKO

    https://www.passes.com/laguerredesrosevostfr
    https://www.passes.com/prisaupiegecaughtstealingvovf
    https://www.passes.com/leroisoleilvostfr
    https://www.passes.com/enpremierelignevostfr
    https://www.passes.com/miroirsno3vostfr
    https://www.passes.com/lafemmequiensavaittropvostfr
    https://www.passes.com/fantomeutilevostfr
    https://www.passes.com/adieujeanpatvostfr
    https://www.passes.com/chroniquesdhaifavostfr
    https://www.passes.com/filsdevostfr
    https://www.passes.com/conjuringlheuredujugementvfvo
    https://www.passes.com/nidieuxnimaitresvostfr
    https://www.passes.com/connemaravostfr
    https://www.passes.com/uneplacepourpierrotvostfr
    https://www.passes.com/siratvostfr
    https://www.passes.com/downtonabbeyiiivostfr
    https://www.passes.com/libreechangevostfr
    https://www.passes.com/nobody2vostfr
    https://www.passes.com/toujourspossiblevostfr
    https://www.passes.com/regardevostfr
    https://band.link/laguerredesrosevostfr
    https://band.link/prisaupiegecaughtstealingvostfr
    https://band.link/leroisoleilvostfr
    https://band.link/enpremierelignevostfr
    https://band.link/miroirsno3vostfr
    https://band.link/nobody2vostfr
    https://band.link/adieujeanpatvostfr
    https://band.link/conjuringlheuredujugementvostfr
    https://band.link/filsdevostfr
    https://band.link/nidieuxnimaitresvostfr
    https://www.are.na/adieu-jean-pat-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/chroniques-d-haifa-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/fils-de-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/exit-8-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/ciudad-sin-sueno-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/ni-dieux-ni-maitres-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/dans-l-ombre-de-marlow-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/baaghi-4-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/conjuring-l-heure-du-jugement-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/connemara-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/une-place-pour-pierrot-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/sirat-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/downton-abbey-iii-le-grand-final-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/libre-echange-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.are.na/toujours-possible-2025-vostfr/channels
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097916095005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097916983005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097917949005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097919581005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097920427005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097921105005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097921399005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097921939005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097922377005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097922845005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097923187005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097923619005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097924189005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097924429005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097924597005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097924861005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097925365005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097925671005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097937533005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097938055005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097938133005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097938757005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097939105005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097939153005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097939573005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097940245005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097940905005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097941031005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097941127005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097942471005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097942855005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097943083005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097943665005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097943857005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097944709005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097945339005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097945705005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097946023005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097946527005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097946737005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097947151005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097947601005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097947895005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097948027005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097948261005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097948675005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097949281005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097949473005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097952167005233&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122097953259005233&type=3
    https://movies-web.mystrikingly.com/blog/voir-nobody-2-streaming-vf-en-francais
    https://moviesweb4k.mybloghunch.com/voir-nobody-2-streaming-vf-en-franais
    https://maxfilmsvip.theblog.me/posts/57380797
    https://blog.libero.it/wp/streamprimemopies/2025/09/03/voir-nobody-2-streaming-vf-en-francais/
    https://scrapbox.io/Fullmovies4K/FILM_STREAMING_VF_2025
    https://www.bankier.pl/forum/temat_bntrshsgrggr,71992259.html
    https://band.link/nobody2vf
    https://telegra.ph/vrghregreg-09-03
    https://challonge.com/aihf8as2
    https://codepen.io/Cibire-Marukocan/pen/xbwmPBB
    https://www.gmbinder.com/share/-OZG8OihH0BeoMNEz4MR/-OZG8dZ-CLjwS15WGhoC/source
    https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/makbongki/diary/202509040000/
    https://searchtech.fogbugz.com/default.asp?Suggestions.1.848356.0
    https://www.TwosApp.com/68b89e14d0d79e7621cc717c
    https://tooter.in/miayokohan/posts/115142138324090120
    https://id.carousell.com/p/vdzaacascascas-1390594284/
    http://ofbiz.116.s1.nabble.com/hndrjtdhshgre-td4910026.html
    https://www.deviantart.com/varkenanas/art/1237610400
    https://raindrop.io/anggalido/grargwaewg-59530122
    https://gns3.com/community/discussions/vdcascsadave
    https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/87698/htrhrthggare
    https://www.deviantart.com/varkenanas/art/1238976781
    https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/molgandu/profile
    https://muckrack.com/molg-andu/bio
    https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/cO899u
    https://namelessmc.com/profile/molgandu/
    https://ilm.iou.edu.gm/members/molgandu/
    https://celtindependent.com/advert/voir-nobody-2-streaming-vf/
    https://tinhte.vn/members/molgandu.3341080/
    https://forumketoan.com/threads/bsdsavffvevds.81250/
    https://diendannhansu.com/threads/vdfsbegregcs.835040/
    https://hackmd.io/9L2Kwp4sRQivUNtz15qMPw/B18Q7Giqel https://wokwi.com/projects/441445899250859009 https://playcode.io/2534929 https://app.daily.dev/posts/bntrshjshreghre-0rknurol2 https://gasteyus.hashnode.dev/ydrjdrjthjrtcd https://matters.town/a/4sgiolvvs5wj https://medium.com/cibiremarukocan/bvsdvacascas-c63f64fada01
    https://www.jobin.co.za/cv/sulaiman-nabeo-378630.html
    https://pastelink.net/t1lbpe87
    https://rextester.com/XFV63263
    https://yamcode.com/nrdhjrthrt
    https://paiza.io/projects/xZBPX_O5vD6MxeJnf8Ds-w?language=php
    https://output.jsbin.com/yazumutima
    https://onlinegdb.com/s13ORiY7eF
    https://glot.io/snippets/haw7u9134o
    https://friendpaste.com/5ECQYLiKeSc5ksOgx0PfdK
    https://pastee.dev/p/uXCipM2S
    https://rentry.co/r2ykyiss
    https://snippet.host/ffipty
    https://etextpad.com/public/b8do465cpn
    https://paste.rs/2kcqs.txt
    https://jsitor.com/MufFIuwGa8S
    https://www.wowace.com/paste/733ee4e1
    https://paste.myst.rs/kddrl78m
    https://paste.kodi.tv/ukebasuwuk
    https://p.ip.fi/ipsv
    https://paste.thezomg.com/367971/75725541/
    https://onecompiler.com/html/43vzxz3xj
    https://freepaste.link/l5dprz9gvx
    https://pastebin.freepbx.org/view/60228c84
    https://paste.md-5.net/oxidehugud.cpp
    https://tech.io/snippet/xzKWX0p
    https://justpaste.it/b9159
    http://nopaste.ceske-hry.cz/1551091
    https://paste.laravel.io/58a018f0-bdbe-479c-b3f8-fa001ac21058
    https://notes.io/wWMm8
    https://paste.centos.org/view/64d95e3e
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/lTtVi3HeoSg
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/b7139204
    https://ivpaste.com/v/HP81OCwmfx
    https://paste.firnsy.com/paste/G059QMpl1xW
    https://paste.enginehub.org/_QNc85fa9
    https://binshare.net/SeUZ3CKjRHVwk2qu0noI
    https://urlquery.net/queue/a2fa82e3-b3c8-4cb5-90ed-e60dfc23e17c
    https://paste.imirhil.fr/?cd394187fc8433a6#oRlsB5DDJq/zcXdqCKtr2tfgVp84drKte8unow1sBXk=
    https://paste.chapril.org/?6e08784322433cef#BQtzLhrDKxZBu61CTeQFDGMbJddeDWRMBLudCCSCPSqE
    https://sebsauvage.net/paste/?246a560d6fe2fb92#B8eI+e3VPfqseW2MJawoXl9pQVg59f1y7JixnX7Ed5I=

  • jhatunath@outlook.com Cliff

    https://www.trysmallbiz.com/articles/titan-vigor-male-enhancement-discover-the-natural-way-to-support-size-endurance
    https://www.trysmallbiz.com/articles/titan-vigor-male-enhancement-from-average-to-impressive-%E2%80%93-the-new-male-wellness-breakthrough
    http://pacolu.alboompro.com/portfolio/health/1554556-titan-vigor-male-enhancement-why-men-everywhere-are-turning-to-this-formula-for-size-support
    http://pacolu.alboompro.com/portfolio/health/1554557-titan-vigor-male-enhancement-increase-stamina-satisfaction-for-you-and-your-partner
    https://medium.com/pacolu/titan-vigor-male-enhancement-discover-the-natural-way-to-support-size-endurance-5f97c1bd87d0 https://medium.com/pacolu/titan-vigor-male-enhancement-from-average-to-impressive-the-new-male-wellness-breakthrough-5ea5e2288583
    https://www.facebook.com/TitanVigorMaleEnhancementus/
    https://www.facebook.com/groups/titanvigormaleenhancement/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1757425241554035/
    https://www.trysmallbiz.com/articles/eros-bites-gummies-reviews-unlock-peak-bedroom-performance-%E2%80%93-feel-10-years-younger
    https://www.trysmallbiz.com/articles/eros-bites-gummies-reviews-the-secret-to-lasting-longer-and-feeling-stronger
    http://galipozi.alboompro.com/portfolio/health/1555016-eros-bites-gummies-reviews-the-secret-to-lasting-longer-and-feeling-stronger
    http://galipozi.alboompro.com/portfolio/health/1555017-eros-bites-gummies-reviews-men-over-30-are-calling-this-a-game-changer-in-the-bedroom
    https://medium.com/@erosbitesgummiesreviews/eros-bites-gummies-reviews-unlock-peak-bedroom-performance-feel-10-years-younger-d7a8025a9884
    https://www.facebook.com/ErosBitesGummiesReviewsus/
    https://www.facebook.com/groups/erosbitesgummiesreviewsus/
    https://www.trustpilot.com/review/primo.trt.forexnews.bg
    https://www.trustpilot.com/review/primo.trt.gummies.me.forexnews.bg://www.facebook.com/events/787922490481217/https://www.trustpilot.com/review/primo.trt.forexnews.bg
    https://www.trustpilot.com/review/primo.trt.gummies.me.forexnews.bg

  • fesfdefsd

    https://www.passes.com/demonslayerfilmecompletohd
    https://www.passes.com/demonslayer2025dublado
    https://www.passes.com/theconjuring4filmecomplet
    https://www.passes.com/theconjuring42025dublado
    https://www.passes.com/thelongwalkfilmecompleto
    https://www.passes.com/thelongwalkfilme2025
    https://www.passes.com/denstyggestesosterenfilme
    https://www.passes.com/denstyggestesosteren
    https://www.passes.com/primitivefilmecompleto
    https://www.passes.com/primitive2025dublado

  • fesfdefsd

    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104799048
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104107271
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104744200
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104724842

    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104729204
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104101832
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104764996
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104786710
    .
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104794583
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104107238
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104783564
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104747392

    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104101688
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104107268
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104799505
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4104741606

Leave a comment

BLOG