sustainability · 5514 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://open.spotify.com/episode/4sPjm30QbjGGE1Xqf5CU9P
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/7wFySFL0GB7UqTEs87WR2V
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/5l9u5gZE8Ns60irUulvSZU
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/6MLig3m3F0FFtqayZOm8XV
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/26C1W8JDVXlgyaOFPtcydl
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/0LzAusbgoUnPuQDZ7pDqr7
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/2sgtWlpouEPof7PEK3VubI
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/6nPk3H4D6Mg8nxdhA06t3D
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/3OdXLeE25W9nM9uz78O9YC
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/0taNVFWXPM5qKUKRlkCKem
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/7ITjZbSxHdBoYLVdIwkypj
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/09sLeqjhCbWwAjKgZFgknv
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/6KJFkWbBuEQcSvXaYHGIS2
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/2bCweXjyjBPCdXJmA0bEAF
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/6Y7Rr4FuVa9Dp15WxIbeQs
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/0HpPMSmv9EBZFVUguXJmc1
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/5vTtxhUbXHADl2YbNsHSWH
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/48W2couNPLmegFuFsAzoXt
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/6IS2Ahela8Co4DPBgDKbfD
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/1OxtnDL60miFWJTbOZdght
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/6JWIwwKayAvn4MQzFAXC5l
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/0OEhUlTlFZMtKRJpvKlUij
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/3PdpoNp0KVnvHUf77shL3c
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/1dSjdu6b8hnYvlZlhsXpt9
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/2KIVLPQTKn1lO2QO4LPXwF
    https://open.spotify.com/episode/0u55D8j6pM3hxanJ8WlUMn
    https://forum.realdigital.org/d/199819-adsdasd
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/190352-hasdasd
    http://opensource.platon.org/forum/projects/viewtopic.php?p=12673388#12673388
    https://www.lifesshortlivefree.com/community/vetted-member-instructions/fasdasa/
    http://www.limesucks.com/thread/adasdaww/
    https://www.phyconomy.org/community/main-forum/gasdaww/
    https://forum.instube.com/d/154961-gasdcasda
    https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/10520/gasdasdaw
    https://claraaamarry.copiny.com/question/details/id/919775
    https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/23370/gasdaww
    https://matters.town/a/h6iiq9j1s1gy
    https://www.tadalive.com/forum/thread/56866/gasdaww/
    https://pastelink.net/7scm69ve
    https://paste.toolforge.org/view/7308f710
    https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/25254/asdasdaear
    https://etextpad.com/zqbeqf34mo

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