sustainability · 5556 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

5557 comments

Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!

  • teukteuk

    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462300679550977
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462387833032705
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462433538383873
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462481539077121
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462563155027969
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462626316038145
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462692688832513
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462749474485249
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462865883240449
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462913549421569
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463005853508609
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463058545519617
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463107098804225
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463186560974849
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463241770624001
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463301438812161
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463356067531777
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463518480453633
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463580404120577
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463644662968321
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463703768069121
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463765863709697
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463920377710593
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463972866306049
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464068039318529
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464122891408385
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464197346620417
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464270276147201
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464312876648449
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464401502316545
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464446957043713
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464492530260993
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464648098068481
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464708770782209
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464778073279489
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464870030276609
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464971442274305
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465016406270977
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465095520301057
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465149567062017
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465262413821953
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465350236282881
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465402281322497
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465449550087169
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465508139277313
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465572487249921
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465649736902657
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465717663663105
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465767469981697
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465827709636609

  • fare

    https://bento.me/scgladiatorii3dse
    https://bento.me/gladiator-ii-den-ganzen-film-onlineff
    https://bento.me/ddevaiana-2de224
    https://bento.me/vaiana-2-streamee
    https://bento.me/dggewvaiana-2-den-ganzen
    https://bento.me/dddabsolution
    https://bento.me/deour-little-secretddede
    https://bento.me/sweethearts24dde
    https://bento.me/jetztwickedauffilme
    https://bento.me/konklavefwarfa24
    https://bento.me/alter-weier-mann24dde
    https://bento.me/escape-roomddefeq
    https://bento.me/dekommt-ein-vogel-geflogenfde24
    https://bento.me/devaiana-2-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024
    https://bento.me/ffefaqvaiana-2-den-ganzen-film-online-kostenlos-in-full-hd-ansehen
    https://bento.me/ddkonklavekonklaveddd24r2dcfs
    https://bento.me/gladiator-ii-den-ganzen-film-online-kostenlos-in-full-hd-ansehenffws
    https://bento.me/dhere-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024d
    https://bento.me/dwatchmen-chapter-ii-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024
    https://bento.me/dder-wilde-roboter24221dsa
    https://bento.me/ddalien-romulus-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024d
    https://bento.me/alien-romulussss242dsdd
    https://bento.me/dyellowstone-staffel-5-ssd
    https://bento.me/spellboundddd3rwqdrq4
    https://bento.me/smile-2-siehst-du-es-auch24dddw
    https://bento.me/heretic-den-ganzen-film-online24dd
    https://bento.me/dd24der-graf-von-monte-christo32342
    https://bento.me/transformers-one24ddede2344
    https://bento.me/242transformers-one-den-ganzen-film-online24
    https://bento.me/wickedddttt
    https://bento.me/watch-kahuku-vs-saint-louis-high-school-football-online-streaming-free-2911241
    https://bento.me/watch-kahuku-vs-saint-louis-high-school-football-online-streaming-free-2911241?
    https://bento.me/watch-kahuku-vs-saint-louis-high-school-football-online-streaming-free-2911241?-
    https://bento.me/watch-kahuku-vs-saint-louis-high-school-football-online-streaming-free-2911241?hrtsfds
    https://bento.me/watch-ks-maui-vs-kaiser-football-online-streaming-free
    https://bento.me/watch-ks-maui-vs-kaiser-football-online-streaming-free?
    https://bento.me/watch-ks-maui-vs-kaiser-football-online-streaming-free?-
    https://bento.me/watch-ks-maui-vs-kaiser-football-online-streaming-free?okfsar
    https://bento.me/watchkapaa-vs-konawaena-online-football-streaming-live-free
    https://bento.me/watchkapaa-vs-konawaena-online-football-streaming-live-free?
    https://bento.me/watchkapaa-vs-konawaena-online-football-streaming-live-free?-
    https://bento.me/watchkapaa-vs-konawaena-online-football-streaming-live-free?fsrgtr
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/pVrdkkx-pZw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/nYBDYaWR__k
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/k9dLFCvvv4Y
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/n-t1NyPAII
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/kNE-QFmW52U
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/hjZgCaL6MGw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/p7HEtuAmBdQ
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/monxmrdtHXo
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/r4Y8NCu4tJ8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/gbgavlD7BIw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/jDU3xNHLtLs
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/sLOJdp0wiBc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/htiD59jx21c
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/iwZELZRd2-g
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/q_LPb63VH    s
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/g7aM1CIfDFg
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/j3zc9LHlP4k
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/j95tCzijroU
    https://bento.me/balboa-vs-lincolnh
    https://bento.me/seekonkbbgf244
    https://bento.me/gabriel-richard-vs-beal-city
    https://bento.me/watch-marshall-vs-iowa-colony-high-school-football-online-streaming-free
    https://bento.me/lena-winslow-vs-althoff-catholic
    https://bento.me/wantagh-vs-bayport-blue-point
    https://bento.me/watch-new-braunfels-vs-smithson-valley-high-school-football-online-streaming-free
    https://bento.me/watch-fshs-vs-pembroke-high-school-football-online-streaming-free
    https://bento.me/29niles-vs-goodrich
    https://bento.me/lampeter-strasburg-vs-thomas-jefferson
    https://bento.me/holliday-vs-tolar
    https://www.are.na/konklave-filme/channels
    https://www.are.na/batok-kerappu/stream-konklave-film-kostenlos
    https://www.are.na/batok-kerappu/konklave-stream-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/batok-kerappu/bis-zur-wahrheit-stream-deutsch-kostenlos
    https://www.are.na/wicked-2024-film-stream-kostenlos/channels
    https://www.are.na/red-one-alarmstufe-weihnachten-stream-kostenlos/channels
    https://www.are.na/gladiator-ii-film-stream-deutsch-kostenlos/channels
    https://jsfiddle.net/9tz51q4L/
    https://pastelink.net/m4rekxqj
    https://wokwi.com/projects/415917297349798913
    https://rentry.co/ffh4ggzf
    https://start.me/w/RglRJa
    https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/geddanngnk/profile

  • wwdasd

    https://bento.me/scgladiatorii3dse
    https://bento.me/gladiator-ii-den-ganzen-film-onlineff
    https://bento.me/ddevaiana-2de224
    https://bento.me/vaiana-2-streamee
    https://bento.me/dggewvaiana-2-den-ganzen
    https://bento.me/dddabsolution
    https://bento.me/deour-little-secretddede
    https://bento.me/sweethearts24dde
    https://bento.me/jetztwickedauffilme
    https://bento.me/konklavefwarfa24
    https://bento.me/alter-weier-mann24dde
    https://bento.me/escape-roomddefeq
    https://bento.me/dekommt-ein-vogel-geflogenfde24
    https://bento.me/devaiana-2-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024
    https://bento.me/ffefaqvaiana-2-den-ganzen-film-online-kostenlos-in-full-hd-ansehen
    https://bento.me/ddkonklavekonklaveddd24r2dcfs
    https://bento.me/gladiator-ii-den-ganzen-film-online-kostenlos-in-full-hd-ansehenffws
    https://bento.me/dhere-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024d
    https://bento.me/ddear-santa-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024
    https://bento.me/dwatchmen-chapter-ii-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024
    https://bento.me/ddffwatchmen112
    https://bento.me/dder-wilde-roboter24221dsa
    https://bento.me/ddalien-romulus-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024d
    https://bento.me/alien-romulussss242dsdd
    https://bento.me/dyellowstone-staffel-5-ssd
    https://bento.me/spellboundddd3rwqdrq4
    https://bento.me/smile-2-siehst-du-es-auch24dddw
    https://bento.me/heretic-den-ganzen-film-online24dd
    https://bento.me/dd24der-graf-von-monte-christo32342
    https://bento.me/transformers-one24ddede2344
    https://bento.me/242transformers-one-den-ganzen-film-online24
    https://bento.me/wickedddttt
    https://bento.me/watch-kahuku-vs-saint-louis-high-school-football-online-streaming-free-2911241
    https://bento.me/watch-kahuku-vs-saint-louis-high-school-football-online-streaming-free-2911241?
    https://bento.me/watch-kahuku-vs-saint-louis-high-school-football-online-streaming-free-2911241?-
    https://bento.me/watch-kahuku-vs-saint-louis-high-school-football-online-streaming-free-2911241?hrtsfds
    https://bento.me/watch-ks-maui-vs-kaiser-football-online-streaming-free
    https://bento.me/watch-ks-maui-vs-kaiser-football-online-streaming-free?
    https://bento.me/watch-ks-maui-vs-kaiser-football-online-streaming-free?-
    https://bento.me/watch-ks-maui-vs-kaiser-football-online-streaming-free?okfsar
    https://bento.me/watchkapaa-vs-konawaena-online-football-streaming-live-free
    https://bento.me/watchkapaa-vs-konawaena-online-football-streaming-live-free?
    https://bento.me/watchkapaa-vs-konawaena-online-football-streaming-live-free?-
    https://bento.me/watchkapaa-vs-konawaena-online-football-streaming-live-free?fsrgtr
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/pVrdkkx-pZw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/nYBDYaWR__k
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/k9dLFCvvv4Y
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/n-t1NyPAII
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/kNE-QFmW52U
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/hjZgCaL6MGw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/p7HEtuAmBdQ
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/monxmrdtHXo
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/r4Y8NCu4tJ8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/gbgavlD7BIw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/jDU3xNHLtLs
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/sLOJdp0wiBc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/htiD59jx21c
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/iwZELZRd2-g
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/q_LPb63VH    s
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/g7aM1CIfDFg
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/j3zc9LHlP4k
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/j95tCzijroU
    https://bento.me/balboa-vs-lincolnh
    https://bento.me/seekonkbbgf244
    https://bento.me/gabriel-richard-vs-beal-city
    https://bento.me/watch-marshall-vs-iowa-colony-high-school-football-online-streaming-free
    https://bento.me/lena-winslow-vs-althoff-catholic
    https://bento.me/wantagh-vs-bayport-blue-point
    https://bento.me/watch-new-braunfels-vs-smithson-valley-high-school-football-online-streaming-free
    https://bento.me/watch-fshs-vs-pembroke-high-school-football-online-streaming-free
    https://bento.me/29niles-vs-goodrich
    https://bento.me/lampeter-strasburg-vs-thomas-jefferson
    https://bento.me/holliday-vs-tolar
    https://www.are.na/konklave-filme/channels
    https://www.are.na/batok-kerappu/stream-konklave-film-kostenlos
    https://www.are.na/batok-kerappu/konklave-stream-deutsch
    https://www.are.na/batok-kerappu/bis-zur-wahrheit-stream-deutsch-kostenlos
    https://www.are.na/wicked-2024-film-stream-kostenlos/channels
    https://www.are.na/red-one-alarmstufe-weihnachten-stream-kostenlos/channels
    https://www.are.na/gladiator-ii-film-stream-deutsch-kostenlos/channels
    https://jsfiddle.net/9tz51q4L/
    https://pastelink.net/m4rekxqj
    https://wokwi.com/projects/415917297349798913
    https://rentry.co/ffh4ggzf
    https://start.me/w/RglRJa
    https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/geddanngnk/profile

  • wwdasd

    https://bento.me/scgladiatorii3dse
    https://bento.me/gladiator-ii-den-ganzen-film-onlineff
    https://bento.me/ddevaiana-2de224
    https://bento.me/vaiana-2-streamee
    https://bento.me/dggewvaiana-2-den-ganzen
    https://bento.me/dddabsolution
    https://bento.me/deour-little-secretddede
    https://bento.me/sweethearts24dde
    https://bento.me/jetztwickedauffilme
    https://bento.me/konklavefwarfa24
    https://bento.me/alter-weier-mann24dde
    https://bento.me/escape-roomddefeq
    https://bento.me/dekommt-ein-vogel-geflogenfde24
    https://bento.me/wicked-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024hwetfw
    https://bento.me/devaiana-2-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024
    https://bento.me/ffefaqvaiana-2-den-ganzen-film-online-kostenlos-in-full-hd-ansehen
    https://bento.me/konklave-den-ganzen-film-online-kostenlos-in-full-hd-ansehegewfwg
    https://bento.me/ddkonklavekonklaveddd24r2dcfs
    https://bento.me/delevation-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024dde
    https://bento.me/dgladiator-ii-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024ssd
    https://bento.me/gladiator-ii-den-ganzen-film-online-kostenlos-in-full-hd-ansehenffws
    https://bento.me/dhere-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024d
    https://bento.me/ddear-santa-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024
    https://bento.me/dear-santa-den-ganzen-film-online-kostenlos-in-full-hd-ansehen244dcd
    https://bento.me/213fdear-santa-den-ganzen-film-onlineee4
    https://bento.me/dwatchmen-chapter-ii-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024
    https://bento.me/ddffwatchmen112
    https://bento.me/dder-wilde-roboter24221dsa
    https://bento.me/der-wilde-roboter24dde2024
    https://bento.me/ddalien-romulus-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024d
    https://bento.me/alien-romulussss242dsdd
    https://bento.me/dyellowstone-staffel-5-ssd
    https://bento.me/dstraume-stream-deutsch-kostenlos-2024d
    https://bento.me/ddspellbound24dsafaasfd
    https://bento.me/spellboundddd3rwqdrq4
    https://bento.me/smile-2-siehst-du-es-auch24dddw
    https://bento.me/heretic-den-ganzen-film-online24dd
    https://bento.me/dd24der-graf-von-monte-christo32342
    https://bento.me/transformers-one24ddede2344
    https://bento.me/242transformers-one-den-ganzen-film-online24
    https://bento.me/wickedddttt
    https://bento.me/watch-kahuku-vs-saint-louis-high-school-football-online-streaming-free-2911241
    https://bento.me/watch-kahuku-vs-saint-louis-high-school-football-online-streaming-free-2911241?
    https://bento.me/watch-kahuku-vs-saint-louis-high-school-football-online-streaming-free-2911241?-
    https://bento.me/watch-kahuku-vs-saint-louis-high-school-football-online-streaming-free-2911241?hrtsfds
    https://bento.me/watch-ks-maui-vs-kaiser-football-online-streaming-free
    https://bento.me/watch-ks-maui-vs-kaiser-football-online-streaming-free?
    https://bento.me/watch-ks-maui-vs-kaiser-football-online-streaming-free?-
    https://bento.me/watch-ks-maui-vs-kaiser-football-online-streaming-free?okfsar
    https://bento.me/watchkapaa-vs-konawaena-online-football-streaming-live-free
    https://bento.me/watchkapaa-vs-konawaena-online-football-streaming-live-free?
    https://bento.me/watchkapaa-vs-konawaena-online-football-streaming-live-free?-
    https://bento.me/watchkapaa-vs-konawaena-online-football-streaming-live-free?fsrgtr
    https://bento.me/balboa-vs-lincolnh
    https://bento.me/seekonkbbgf244
    https://bento.me/gabriel-richard-vs-beal-city
    https://bento.me/watch-marshall-vs-iowa-colony-high-school-football-online-streaming-free
    https://bento.me/lena-winslow-vs-althoff-catholic
    https://bento.me/wantagh-vs-bayport-blue-point
    https://bento.me/watch-new-braunfels-vs-smithson-valley-high-school-football-online-streaming-free
    https://bento.me/watch-fshs-vs-pembroke-high-school-football-online-streaming-free
    https://bento.me/29niles-vs-goodrich
    https://bento.me/lampeter-strasburg-vs-thomas-jefferson
    https://bento.me/holliday-vs-tolar
    https://yamcode.com/brwgwegvgweg
    https://hackmd.io/@wcQDUOINQdSp1HuFi-qcFg/BJmYXKw71e
    https://paiza.io/projects/dtV1blITMmNlv4Oprv8bSw
    https://jsfiddle.net/ez1480cq/
    https://snippet.host/nseikf
    https://start.me/w/oad1l5

  • safsafsa

    https://wsopfreechips2024.mystrikingly.com/
    https://brawlstarsfreegems2025.mystrikingly.com/
    https://doubleu-casino-free-chips.mystrikingly.com/
    https://monopolygofreedicenoverificati.godaddysites.com/
    https://www.beatstars.com/wsopfreechips
    https://bento.me/stumble-guys
    https://bento.me/777-casino-free-spins-generator
    https://github.com/IOS-Android-Monopoly-Go-Free-Dice/Free-Monopoly-Go-Dice-Without-Verification/blob/main/README.md
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/f3c783c2-5272-40e8-a057-8d1dba31cc12
    https://github.com/IOS-Android-Monopoly-Go-Free-Dice/Free-Monopoly-Go-Dice-Without-Verification
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/f3c783c2-5272-40e8-a057-8d1dba31cc12/page/dFRWE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/reporting/f3c783c2-5272-40e8-a057-8d1dba31cc12/page/dFRWE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/reporting/f3c783c2-5272-40e8-a057-8d1dba31cc12/
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/reporting/cafc1ead-2feb-46dd-bb20-22a74378f385/page/MJRWE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/reporting/cafc1ead-2feb-46dd-bb20-22a74378f385/
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/cafc1ead-2feb-46dd-bb20-22a74378f385
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/cafc1ead-2feb-46dd-bb20-22a74378f385/page/MJRWE
    https://facebook.com/events/s/the-ultimate-guide-1000-free-d/375458452261614/
    https://facebook.com/events/s/how-do-i-get-free-coins-on-dom/1819468825463048/
    https://facebook.com/events/s/10kapk-brawl-stars-free-gems-2/940379448001871/
    https://facebook.com/events/s/upload1005000-free-gems-on-bra/1553404095544600/
    https://facebook.com/events/s/designhow-do-i-get-20000-free-/934522495244433/
    https://facebook.com/events/s/1000free-bingo-bash-chips-with/1946725309160085/
    https://github.com/Wizard-Station/Free-Brawl-Stars-Gems-Without-Verification/blob/main/README.md
    https://github.com/Wizard-Station/Free-Brawl-Stars-Gems-Without-Verification
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/170e8233-2fc1-444c-bcb0-2bd4036ae965/page/OvbWE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/170e8233-2fc1-444c-bcb0-2bd4036ae965
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/reporting/170e8233-2fc1-444c-bcb0-2bd4036ae965/page/OvbWE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/32514c0f-d27b-48c3-b338-765ae1e52f70
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/reporting/32514c0f-d27b-48c3-b338-765ae1e52f70/page/3xbWE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/32514c0f-d27b-48c3-b338-765ae1e52f70/page/3xbWE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/406023da-5be7-4f6d-acfb-5f0498facd31
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/reporting/406023da-5be7-4f6d-acfb-5f0498facd31/page/fJcWE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/406023da-5be7-4f6d-acfb-5f0498facd31/page/fJcWE
    https://github.com/Wizard-Station/Domino-Dreams-Free-Coins-SuperPlay-s-100-ROAS-with-Gamelight-AI/blob/main/README.md
    https://github.com/Wizard-Station/Domino-Dreams-Free-Coins-SuperPlay-s-100-ROAS-with-Gamelight-AI
    https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/taster-food-jobs-how-turn-your-passion-career-pl6zc/
    https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/e-gift-paypal-gift-card-1000-shopping-5k81c/
    https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/hiring-walmart-work-from-home-near-me-chat-support-work-from-home-7sxtc/

  • fadsetread

    https://tinhte.vn/profile/xem-ngay-xua-co-mot-chuyen-tinh-2024-phim-full-hd.3185451/
    https://tinhte.vn/profile/full-hd-ngay-xua-co-mot-chuyen-tinh-2024-vietsub.3185597/
    https://tinhte.vn/profile/phim-ngay-xua-co-mot-chuyen-tinh-2024-hd-vietsub.3185639/
    https://tinhte.vn/profile/xem-ngay-xua-co-mot-chuyen-tinhvietsub-thuyet-minh.3185686/
    https://tinhte.vn/profile/xem-cu-li-khong-bao-gio-khoc-2024-phim-hdvietsub.3185758/
    https://tinhte.vn/profile/phim-cu-li-khong-bao-gio-khoc-2024-hd-thuyet-minh.3185845/
    https://tinhte.vn/profile/xem-phim-cu-li-khong-bao-gio-khoc-2024-vietsub.3185889/
    https://tinhte.vn/profile/xem-phim-cu-li-khong-bao-gio-khoc-full-hd-vietsub.3185918/
    https://tinhte.vn/profile/xem-phim-linh-mieu-quy-nhap-trang-2024-fullhd.3185965/
    https://tinhte.vn/profile/xem-linh-mieu-quy-nhap-trang-phim-2024-hd-vietsub.3185983/
    https://tinhte.vn/profile/xem-linh-mieu-quy-nhap-trang-vietsub-thuyet-minh.3186007/
    https://tinhte.vn/profile/phim-linh-mieu-quy-nhap-trang-2024-4k-hdvietsub.3186031/

Leave a comment

BLOG