sustainability · 5236 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

5237 comments

Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!

  • teukteuk

    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462300679550977
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462387833032705
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462433538383873
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462481539077121
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462563155027969
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462626316038145
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462692688832513
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462749474485249
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462865883240449
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402462913549421569
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463005853508609
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463058545519617
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463107098804225
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463186560974849
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463241770624001
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463301438812161
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463356067531777
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463518480453633
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463580404120577
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463644662968321
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463703768069121
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463765863709697
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463920377710593
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402463972866306049
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464068039318529
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464122891408385
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464197346620417
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464270276147201
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464312876648449
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464401502316545
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464446957043713
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464492530260993
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464648098068481
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464708770782209
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464778073279489
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464870030276609
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402464971442274305
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465016406270977
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465095520301057
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465149567062017
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465262413821953
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465350236282881
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465402281322497
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465449550087169
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465508139277313
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465572487249921
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465649736902657
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465717663663105
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465767469981697
    https://wokwi.com/projects/402465827709636609

  • kingbros

    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839989365373841801
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839989492343599197
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839989618558808498
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839989745679815162
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839989872469389469
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839989999758127353
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839990126547742960
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839990253127643267
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839990380210860120
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839990506996281789
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839990633366467024
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839990760520986892
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839990887050555598
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839991014204797391
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839991141061800311
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839991267918565689
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839991395060527593
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839991522185355468
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839991649180758497
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839991775953596538
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839991903330418916
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839992030497304696
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839992157375213708
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839992284609446159
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839992411277140393
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839992538205221059
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839992664760168829
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839992792204169434
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839992919018602650
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839993045686858158
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839993172426199275
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839993299630993411
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839993426579993031
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839993553621266778
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839993680658346206
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839993807561207853
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839993934510207357
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839994061161410740
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839994188034912306
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839994315067797586
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839994441886822743
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839994568596668586
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839994695784771971
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839994822452752872
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839994949573685658
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839995076367298666
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839995203404607867
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839995330395549835
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839995457180971299
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839995583765094694
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839995710839894461
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839995837625299093
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839995964570120209
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839996091347218630
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839996218237432267
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839996344783777925
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839996471674056874
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839996598006456649
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839996724926132693
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839996851304706449
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839996977947508750
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839997104711970993
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839999374392492403
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839999500045431262
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839999625828413786
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839999751758168467
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839999877620871476
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840000003416437030
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840000129514041598
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840000255422795834
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840000381277110347
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840000507261399399
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840000633413542396
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840000759200657486
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840000885088498164
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840001010783400107
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840001136650023253
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840001262231924761
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840001388203651564
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840001514238292306
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840001640520110330
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840001766366294147
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840001892249940209
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840002018100031691
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840002143891402977
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840002269988684270
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840002395864223943
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840002521856913925
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840002647753109570
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840002773800366593
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840002899503657386
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840003025521520802
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840003151577133165
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1840003277473362034
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856308883104391466
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856309019943510455
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856309156770140636
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856309293420544156
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856309430238806487
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856309567119884506
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856309703908675672
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856309840856883449
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856309977670980020
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856310114312925529
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856310250971832793
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856310388138078654
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856310524872446117
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856310661615161473
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856310798328439006
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856310935154991113
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856311072153641156
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856311209303134293
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856311346108809260
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856311483048607833
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856311619841601668
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856311756735336654
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856311893519962411
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856312030598164580
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856312167479361842
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856312304352010470
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856312441019228463
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856312577975787698
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856312714773098756
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856312851649941692
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856312988300378438
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856313125181554743
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856313261844566438
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856313398780158020
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856313535585734813
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856313672303288473
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856313808987296094
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856313945847378316
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856314082787250455
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856314219664158932
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856314356683661394
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856314493560598636
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856314630420766942
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856314767394140360
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856314904241733882
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856315040971837806
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856315177861312529
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856315314788569562
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856315451598315587
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856315588458536988
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856315725410976182
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856315862203957507
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856315999772946915
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856316138671448332
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856316276852879497
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856316415306768637
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856316553626525940
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856316691724059081
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856316830207422665
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856316968661340459
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856317107220234312
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856317245938450678
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856317384191008941
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856317522636669234
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856317661656826166
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856317800261751087
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856317939286237507
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856318077228462573
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856318215720185967
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856318354467778720
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856318492431052855
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856318630549405923
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856318768516874680
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856318906874421480
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856319046074974382
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856319184717697189
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856319323448525046
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856319461604647216
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856319599815348569
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856319738437128345
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856319876719104307
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856320015261204928
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856320153320866205
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856320291762286630
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856320430316867698
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856320568896692517
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856320707329753258
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856320845699862844
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856320984250249451
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856321121970278733
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856321261011448189
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856321398873944210
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856321537076232463
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856321675417051542
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856321814089044376
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856321952496996763
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856322091533922475
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856322229740454013
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856322368345395205
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856322506795139160
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856887756103819348
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856887894373265540
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856888033091436807
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856888171713196301
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856888310741832089
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1856888448457605523

  • kingbros
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1498450771729289216

    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1498451283677626371
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1498451823086030850
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1498452351174148099
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1498452903853395972
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1498457604938350595
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1498458187082596354
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1498458654428651520
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839964508271628621
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839964635048620315
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839964761657881022
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839964994718388583
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839965121311059978
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839965332015849841
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839965473242526093
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839965615148413311
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839965752113397845
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839965879427100803
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839966006346953166
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839966133400785119
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839966260378866010
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839966387164590373
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839966514453107028
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839966641368772717
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839966768380707114
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839966895757275384
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839967022517535200
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839967149605171554
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839967276742914557
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839967403805159762
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839967530703859991
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839967657652789465
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839967784941285854
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839967911823249475
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839968038566932604
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839968165805113540
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839968292909506892
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839968419921441188
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839968546979492063
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839968673827840456
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839968800877547767
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839968928048787911
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839969054905237604
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839969181628018816
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839969308765569497
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839969435660235027
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839969562806366373
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839969689545679033
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839969816490455217
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839969943326208015
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839970070589841814
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839970197454893116
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839970324869534144
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839970451612655895
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839970578092204297
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839970705074729114
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839970832086409575
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839970959417323661
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839971086328619482
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839971213688602853
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839971340851318843
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839971467225870566
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839971594762134013
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839971721908236464
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839971848441999611
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839971975868915998
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839972102864286054
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839972230069182508
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839972357156524098
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839972484226965542
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839972610794500315
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839972737848324239
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839972864826487146
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839972991926710508
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839973118808600783
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839973246239998193
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839973372970840402
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839973500150526214
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839973627321548855
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839973754258239690
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839973881312096313
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839974008374345813
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839974135465947296
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839974262595301424
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839974389187784785
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839974515943915875
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839974643165475302
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839974770164547687
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839974896761483484
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839975023874060313
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839975150663676277
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839975277792796730
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839975404289044787
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839975531472925134
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839975658216403285
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839975785421254968
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839975912932290680
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839976040023896130
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839976167056781435
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839976294165164222
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839976421344850020
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839976548381929726
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839976675268014580
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839976802133164059
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839976928872411259
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839977056135983231
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839977183348977754
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839977310432493857
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839977437746344402
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839977565102190911
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839977691912773859
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839977818882822176
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839977945852748240
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839978072390722030
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839978199654031429
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839978326334812650
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839978453086679203
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839978580245393701
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839978707148255282
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839978834265027007
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839978961297658229
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839979087890395505
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839979214583542232
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839979341674893783
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839979595208241278
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839979722283069943
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839979849232068771
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839979975958769907
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839980103004238262
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839980230233960565
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839980357153587424
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839980483675107384
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839980610586382345
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839980737635692647
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839980864433992098
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839980991143899556
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839981118097109233
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839981245104783776
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839981371948744747
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839981498440806713
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839981625511424157
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839981752586252623
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839981879581458735
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839982006215860226
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839982133022277649
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839982259367227890
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839982386496368935
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839982513521119314
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839982640805667176
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839982767234507101
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839983020985483312
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839983147326513455
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839983274539807039
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839983401669144901
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839983528534257945
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839983655453671721
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839983782067081545
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839983908890521845
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839984036313477457
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839984163577049580
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839984290970448092
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839984417533759595
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839984544298029544
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839984670693339191
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839984797323800803
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839984924293812482
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839985051528045032
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839985178426650814
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839985305350439105
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839985432614056239
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839985559240093975
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839985685975138536
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839985812915794075
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839985940095181058
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839986066855735706
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839986194236809544
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839986320942477644
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839986448021274848
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839986574781501854
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839986701122621869
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839986828046172598
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839986954659868807
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839987081952493634
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839987208406610149
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839987335213232285
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839987462204256381
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839987589014794396
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839987715892515297
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839987842627309958
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839987969316589912
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839988095976124930
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839988222774149243
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839988349739950350
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839988476743430522
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839988603788898365
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839988730771509369
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839988857733034152
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839988984497483839
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839989111341625786
    https://x.com/KoyamaKozakura/status/1839989238454202645

  • kingbros

    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/wDR_dUU1hkQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/wHgjB6EeKnc
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/ZGB1bnbLplA
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/-9rhyhBIJAo
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/RZf5iBBfbpI
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/L2g28NFwq8E
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/ct2LTkQM8Ao
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/inlx8okApJk
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/F157M1XfHPs
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/FsGmacB9rBg
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/BhznOFDinvo
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/0JhfPgdYxnw
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/nZAkv_aZB6w
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/iRkXpyDr_Pc
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/ckaFpxOAhq8
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/SvVUayhNiis
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/lAEshM6lOaU
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/oQv9ekhUuTw
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/9PrfA6V_HmE
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/DjobG9bg3uw
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/Rzm2TSRT-8s
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/Rzm2TSRT-8s
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/VlGvorghtG8
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/e2luRUB9VUM
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/bja-ZaX4xcw
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/yDAvK2ttSDg
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/r91jkuk_ewo
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/ukj5QWCeWv8
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/ybM3lVmCVTs
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/k_AIa30C5eM
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/WLuevPLYeDc
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/IrLHDav2gEU
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/NDMbLXEymuc
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/XXulwpdZPUU
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/0mR1pIZVYjk
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/suM1SbLdR5k
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/dsu0llja8Cc
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/UCNLD6a46hs
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/BlF61Alt4eY
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/qhCBumQcMZI
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/5XYZDfy-g3k
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/HqPMnSU2jnM
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/HqPMnSU2jnM
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/fz7jbMDAX28
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/Jkv8bpnbbUc
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/J8Olcd8mVQw
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/9VnRj5THs1E
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/VYcCp_KsLk8
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/fdehc9Q-HGc
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/hxYp4xqiwPY
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/g6fBnLAI4gI
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/ZdA40xF3Sac
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/JxulWjwW774
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/My0RN2ZJNNY
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/d3e17T9Wo8g
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/9PGyjUd6xw0
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/GKv97BJxO7g
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/sKyVFN8xq2w
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/WHouI5k_xCg
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/HG2rI7zKggY
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/RdW_FyNA21A
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/2bjj-PO-JTQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/Xob_hKdFKOs
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/inXvn8Y5AlQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/hC013PYv0WU
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/hC013PYv0WU
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/8RD6AMnam6o
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/UpHQ5aCliFc
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/PVet3813F8c
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/7aEJvwjSjU8
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/jAgnyJO0LM8
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/gTesJtOKQJg
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/zWHSinM8KaY
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/RrTq7TiQ1ts
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/mrIg1ZrkFWo
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/MBg6XpdIBIA
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/ICJnzS6knyc
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/s5Q-OcGG-5Q
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/6hDofl3f0DM
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/QrBNbuOMwe8
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/hQGnKe97cQI
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/da5OzhfcLZc
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/g2q7ZxInuE4
    https://groups.google.com/g/facebookpdfei/c/3_I60-jZ8Xg

  • kingbros

    https://mez.ink/nakazawaaken
    https://mez.ink/yuharakaori
    https://mez.ink/kudokisa
    https://mez.ink/koshikawachi
    https://mez.ink/wakaizumihai
    https://mez.ink/wakuritanaka
    https://mez.ink/rakuyamarie
    https://mez.ink/maitaurano
    https://mez.ink/tsukamotofus
    https://mez.ink/kondowaka
    https://mez.ink/hashirayoko
    https://mez.ink/ihachisuzu
    https://mez.ink/motokiyoko
    https://mez.ink/uemuramaru
    https://mez.ink/takanoanbi
    https://mez.ink/rikimarukoke
    https://mez.ink/wakamatsutak
    https://mez.ink/oginokatsuko
    https://mez.ink/sugiharaakko
    https://mez.ink/yamamurayumi
    https://mez.ink/hakuryusachi
    https://mez.ink/yashimakane
    https://mez.ink/yamajitansho
    https://mez.ink/taoano
    https://mez.ink/komuroyumiko
    https://mez.ink/murasugi
    https://mez.ink/maebarasadak
    https://mez.ink/hayashidaama
    https://mez.ink/doiorino
    https://mez.ink/jominako
    https://mez.ink/yanaseaiko
    https://mez.ink/sonemasumi
    https://mez.ink/tazawarina
    https://mez.ink/asatosakura
    https://mez.ink/takaharaharu
    https://mez.ink/morinoayako
    https://mez.ink/kikyokami
    https://mez.ink/ugumorinanam
    https://mez.ink/ueharamayo
    https://mez.ink/oyakawayoshe
    https://mez.ink/hirotakame
    https://mez.ink/jinkaneko
    https://mez.ink/ubukatasen
    https://mez.ink/hattoriito
    https://mez.ink/tanikawatane
    https://mez.ink/senorino
    https://mez.ink/enokidawaka
    https://mez.ink/hagakiyoshi
    https://mez.ink/yabuchiayuri
    https://mez.ink/utsunomiyami
    https://mez.ink/mitsugihibar
    https://mez.ink/tengankama
    https://mez.ink/yamanakakuni
    https://mez.ink/sawanokiri
    https://mez.ink/kawakamisato
    https://mez.ink/teramotoiyon
    https://mez.ink/yukimuroichi

  • kingbros
    https://mez.ink/chikaekaori/vaeaavaea

    https://mez.ink/chikaekaori/maeiapvae
    https://mez.ink/jinnene
    https://mez.ink/amayakayu
    https://mez.ink/harutakioshi
    https://mez.ink/tatsunoryu
    https://mez.ink/karasuyasu
    https://mez.ink/takararaku
    https://mez.ink/fukuyamakaga
    https://mez.ink/chijimatsuna
    https://mez.ink/konishiyu
    https://mez.ink/inazumachito
    https://mez.ink/nagaokaishi
    https://mez.ink/ueyonabaruuk
    https://mez.ink/okamototaru
    https://mez.ink/iwakiriwazuk
    https://mez.ink/kawabatayuri
    https://mez.ink/izumonana
    https://mez.ink/suzukazechim
    https://mez.ink/himuraio
    https://mez.ink/sakamotoaemi
    https://mez.ink/yamamotoeriz
    https://mez.ink/asanene
    https://mez.ink/bannochiyo
    https://mez.ink/ishidayama
    https://mez.ink/okimotoazusa
    https://mez.ink/tamonochiyo
    https://mez.ink/yagamiyoshin
    https://mez.ink/ebisawaemiko
    https://mez.ink/katsurakoton
    https://mez.ink/kanemotojun
    https://mez.ink/harigaeotome
    https://mez.ink/miyakewattan
    https://mez.ink/takaikuni
    https://mez.ink/sazaayano
    https://mez.ink/nakagawayume
    https://mez.ink/kaseyumia
    https://mez.ink/usuihibari
    https://mez.ink/matsushitaki
    https://mez.ink/omorikaren
    https://mez.ink/ishiitaree
    https://mez.ink/kawakamisets
    https://mez.ink/nishimurajur
    https://mez.ink/aiharayusa
    https://mez.ink/oritoakio
    https://mez.ink/yoshihamahas
    https://mez.ink/minomaya
    https://mez.ink/katabuchichi
    https://mez.ink/kuriharaaoba
    https://mez.ink/jinaira
    https://mez.ink/yashimamutsu
    https://mez.ink/sakuraimisak
    https://mez.ink/kunohama
    https://mez.ink/ugumorihimek
    https://mez.ink/arimaraira
    https://mez.ink/miyatawakuri
    https://mez.ink/tsutsuiyokka
    https://mez.ink/kudokae
    https://mez.ink/niichie
    https://mez.ink/kobayashimoa
    https://mez.ink/murakamikoi
    https://mez.ink/matsuisuki
    https://mez.ink/akibahami
    https://mez.ink/chijimatsuka
    https://mez.ink/aoimaiko
    https://mez.ink/hirosekazash
    https://mez.ink/jinare
    https://mez.ink/nagasawaakas
    https://mez.ink/kawanomika
    https://mez.ink/babakai
    https://mez.ink/yoshidauki
    https://mez.ink/wakitatomoe
    https://mez.ink/nishiharadai
    https://mez.ink/ushijimahami
    https://mez.ink/yokonootome
    https://mez.ink/tsukudakaren
    https://mez.ink/kurosawaasuk
    https://mez.ink/jomako
    https://mez.ink/fujinoteruyo
    https://mez.ink/muranomiu
    https://mez.ink/iwamotonozom
    https://mez.ink/tanimotorii
    https://mez.ink/homurafumiki
    https://mez.ink/kurokawatane
    https://mez.ink/esumiyumeji
    https://mez.ink/tsukiyamakoz
    https://mez.ink/takakuwayusu
    https://mez.ink/takaharayo
    https://mez.ink/miuramura
    https://mez.ink/fujiiane
    https://mez.ink/yoritakahona
    https://mez.ink/kanbayashiko
    https://mez.ink/koyamamutsum
    https://mez.ink/naitoisoko
    https://mez.ink/yoshinagarik
    https://mez.ink/morimotoyuki
    https://mez.ink/mutohiroe
    https://mez.ink/maeotsu
    https://mez.ink/kagurazakaay
    https://mez.ink/yagitsuya

Leave a comment

BLOG