Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101491818361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101492136361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101493402361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101493864361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101494908361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101495334361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101495820361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101496102361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101496486361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101497230361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101498550361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101499414361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101500602361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101500890361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101501070361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101501340361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101503038361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101503500361769&type=3&_rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101503644361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101503920361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101505732361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101506182361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101507370361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101509548361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101510022361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101510544361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101510982361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101511498361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101512566361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101514336361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101515092361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101515386361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101515590361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101516928361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101517276361769&type=3&rdr
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624346929299457/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624347445198848/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624345392021505/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624356863508480/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624361892478977/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624363716902913/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624364543279105/
https://www.akcie.cz/nazor?ID_TEMA=336&ID_NAZOR=396808#sel
https://www.bihann.com/cast/443.html
https://wokwi.com/projects/376455861429986305
https://matters.
https://bitbucket.org/santuy213/workspace/snippets/XEdknB
https://yamcode.com/untitled-105700
https://rentry.co/rn7vqhsc
https://tech.io/snippet/pBQjSNg
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/182172-dfrgthy
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/182172-dfrgthy
https://rextester.com/ZZJE80989
https://bitbin.it/L3pXEgvB/
https://bitbin.it/L3pXEgvB/raw/
https://etextpad.com/ffakt1x9u0
https://www.wowace.com/paste/ab021bbb
https://www.selbstbesaiter.com/g%C3%A4stebuch/
https://issuu.com/amirah123/stacks
https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/20528/fdvfs
http://paste.jp/ea520152/
https://pastecode.io/s/s7uqu5wg
https://penzu.com/journals/31329148/102066299
https://justpaste.it/i0yqs
https://medicine.ju.edu.jo/Lists/ConfReg/AllItems.aspx?
https://issuu.com/amirah123/stacks
https://www.onlinegdb.com/
https://www.nehannn.com/artist-detail/715.html?sasla
https://jsfiddle.net/v7cyfkh1/
http://www.codyjhughes.com/guestbook/
https://www.taptap.io/post/8291869
https://paiza.io/projects/N_O35ORMWYiiK5XeBSpvcg
https://glot.io/snippets/h0lv1ig3z6
https://paste.toolforge.org/view/0bb1edf1
https://telegra.ph/zscfergth-10-06
https://pastebin.com/eJ5wEQKH
https://etextpad.com/ffakt1x9u0
https://snippet.host/gtozrv
https://www.bankier.pl/forum/wiadomosc-zapisana?post_id=68486347&obs=&emal=&st=1&thread_id=
http://myhappiness.dinstudio.se/guest_11.html
https://www.lacartuccia.ch/g%C3%A4stebuch/
https://www.lomarfarms.com/blogs/news/people?comment=136597471537#comments
https://paste.myst.rs/lya21j0m
https://web.stanford.edu/group/spanlab/cgi-bin/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:Twetwertw45#sdcd
https://asmao.hashnode.dev/asdfdhfghhgghghg
https://ourclass.mn.co/posts/xcvbvc
https://hackmd.io/GDul2C-kQu-W2FZBYirElg
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/301099af
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624329411723264/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/free-100-monopoly-go-dice-generator-october-2024/topicid-3624329411723264/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624334470053889/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/free-tikTok-coins-generator-2024/topicid-3624334470053889/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624339712901120/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/Free-dragon-city-gems-generator-2024/topicid-3624339712901120/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624340591706113/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/free-how-do-i-get-roblox-gift-card-redeem-code/topicid-3624340591706113/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624341105573888/
https://www.honor.com/globalgm/club/topicdetail/get-100-roblox-gift-card-how-much-robux/topicid-3624341105573888/
https://vietnamtrade-forum.com/threads/xdfghj.19773/
https://smmwebforum.com/threads/lmlm.24344/
http://www.fellnasen-service.de/index.php?thread/265694-zxcdvbnm/
https://chobaolam.vn/threads/sdfghj.554772/
http://forum.dnpsolpol.ru/threads/zxsdcfvgbn.7426/
https://forum.woimortal.com/forum/community/discussions/75565-dgdgdgdgbdb
http://myhappiness.dinstudio.se/guest_11.html
https://weimaraner-aus-der-silbermeute.jimdofree.com/g%C3%A4stebuch/
https://www.adrianhemley.com/guestbook/
http://www.hartmanice.cz/en/vlozit-komentar/
https://www.lacartuccia.ch/g%C3%A4stebuch/
https://bitbucket.org/santuy213/workspace/snippets/eq8Ekk
https://fernandosaavedra.jimdofree.com/libro-de-visitas/
https://forum.instube.com/d/151033-dvd
https://hackmd.io/HP0QbcCgTPmR4LgycW3eqQ
https://wokwi.com/projects/376455861429986305
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/2103f2f6
https://paste.toolforge.org/view/4193a55b
https://www.lomarfarms.com/blogs/news/people?comment=136596980017#comments
https://yamcode.com/untitled-105666
https://pastebin.com/eVMxAqHW
https://bitbin.it/pkOHhiGM/
https://justpaste.it/eogey
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/13060/hdthdh
https://freepaste.link/public/tkye4s9opa
https://bitbin.it/pkOHhiGM/raw/
https://www.taptap.io/post/8290390
https://paste.thezomg.com/228934/21770417/
https://www.onlinegdb.com/
https://pastecode.io/s/99eqkfe6
https://etextpad.com/w3vvgs5mzz
http://www.codyjhughes.com/guestbook/
https://jsitor.com/zNxhqvf67L
https://www.nehannn.com/artist-detail/715.html?sasla
https://jsfiddle.net/20qoy3fn/
https://penzu.com/journals/31329148/102060973
https://snippet.host/nqqcfi
https://paste.ee/p/8wStX
https://glot.io/snippets/h0lo1b841n
https://snippet.host/euadrt
https://telegra.ph/gdg-10-06-2/paiza.io/projects/8QcS8sJJJhDWGYsQJBJFsw
https://rentry.co/o66umt4m
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/182093-hrhrh
https://tech.io/snippet/PhtCpoc
https://www.pastery.net/jvuuzh/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624300953370624/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624301156794368/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624301322436608/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624302396211200/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624302607990785/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624302759084033/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624303335735296/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624303604301825/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624304111681536/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624304782901249/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624304950509568/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624305103601665/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624308092207104/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624308217970688/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624308387741697/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624308851245057/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624309004402689/
https://www.honor.com/mea/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624309151137793/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624300953370624/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624301156794368/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624301322436608/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624302396211200/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624302607990785/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624302759084033/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624303335735296/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624303604301825/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624304111681536/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624304782901249/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624304950509568/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624305103601665/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624308092207104/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624308217970688/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624308387741697/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624308851245057/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624309004402689/
https://www.honor.com/mea-ar/club/topicdetail/topicid-3624309151137793/
https://www.facebook.com/people/Phoenix-Male-Enhancement/61566303944969/
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common concern for many men, and finding effective solutions is crucial for maintaining both physical and mental well-being. One innovative approach that has garnered attention is the Phoenix at-home shockwave device. This article delves into the reviews and insights surrounding this device to determine whether it truly stands up to its claims.
https://groups.google.com/g/phoenix-male-enhancement-usa/c/pj3IgXrsWao
https://groups.google.com/g/phoenix-male-enhancement-usa/c/x7l0J_GvxKQ
https://groups.google.com/g/phoenix-male-enhancement-usa/c/Oi77kZibb1U
https://sites.google.com/view/phoenixmaleenhancementusa/
https://sites.google.com/view/phoenix-male-enhancement-us/
https://www.facebook.com/people/Phoenix-Male-Enhancement/61566303944969/
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/phoenixmaleenhancementusa
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/phoenixmaleenhancementus
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/phoenix.male.enhancement.us
https://www.twibbonize.com/u/phoenixmaleenhancementnowus
https://www.facebook.com/ManupGummiesReviewsBestOfferAu/
https://www.facebook.com/PrimalXMeGummieSuperUS/
Leave a comment