sustainability · 5467 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/iUFWVtMT6Zc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/hNbe8YjF0ZY
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/h7pgqLGEvQ8
    https://groups.google.com/g/stream-movies-4k/c/c4ODagW9c6g
    https://webhitlist.com/photo/albums/sobiers-croaks
    https://www.onfeetnation.com/photo/albums/sobiers-croaks
    https://taylorhicks.ning.com/photo/albums/sobiers-croaks
    https://mcspartners.ning.com/photo/albums/sobiers-croaks
    https://beterhbo.ning.com/profiles/blogs/sobiers-croaks
    https://git.project-hobbit.eu/-/snippets/39984
    https://git.forum.ircam.fr/-/snippets/33738
    https://gitlab.vuhdo.io/-/snippets/19328
    https://gitea.com/pbdwagqx/laysrxking/issues/59
    https://gitlab.aicrowd.com/-/snippets/297562
    https://wokwi.com/projects/412390245586601985
    https://hackmd.io/@AZaVuqAPSrWOASBU6NBnPg/SkxAzB4gkg
    https://paiza.io/projects/ua-fxGmyNh2YhIKXP7tQ    Q
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/387ea268
    https://www.postfreeclassifiedads.com/thread-24135.htm
    https://pastelink.net/kbnfxqwa
    https://ctxt.io/2/AAB4MjXYFQ
    https://rentry.co/crv3wvwg
    https://snippet.host/tdkftm
    https://yamcode.com/sobiers-croaks
    https://output.jsbin.com/kufaqobola
    https://justpaste.me/2zmr
    https://justpaste.it/dylfb
    https://paste4btc.com/HjXRQbkE
    https://paste.lightcast.com/view/33daca3b
    https://sharetext.me/zhsvrwe6jx
    https://tempel.in/view/P7D
    https://glot.io/snippets/h12mau94qv
    https://paste.centos.org/view/d8fd58b0
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/26c3d916
    https://wow.curseforge.com/paste/6da4f049
    https://www.wowace.com/paste/a8c827e1
    https://forum.instube.com/d/160552-sobiers-croaks
    https://mail.the-corporate.com/classified-detail/sobiers-croaks
    https://forum.realdigital.org/d/210113-sobiers-croaks
    https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/15278/sobiers-croaks
    https://nodebb.klangknecht.com/topic/5751/sobiers-croaks
    https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/26632/sobiers-croaks
    https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/28243/sobiers-croaks
    https://forum.daoyidh.com/topic/4266/sobiers-croaks
    https://forum.woimortal.com/forum/community/discussions/85904-sobiers-croaks

  • sumanto

    COPY & PASTE LINK INTO BROWSER

    https://github.com/Stree2FriOnlen1080/
    https://github.com/Terrifier3FriOnlen1080/
    https://github.com/ThewildrobotFriOnlen1080/
    https://github.com/Joker2Deutsch2024/
    https://github.com/DerwilderoboterDeutsch2024/
    https://github.com/DerBuchspaziererDeutsch2024/
    https://github.com/HagenDeutsch2024/
    https://github.com/Terrifier3Deutsch2024/
    https://github.com/Venom3Deutsch2024/
    https://plotly.com/~LeydiDi/0/leydi-di-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~LeydiDi/1/leydi-di-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~LeydiDi/2/izlefilmi-leydi-di-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~LeydiDi/3/leydi-di-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Dengeler/0/dengeler-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~Dengeler/1/dengeler-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~Dengeler/2/izlefilmi-dengeler-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Dengeler/3/dengeler-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~kabirAzabi/0/kabir-azabi-insi-ve-cinni-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~kabirAzabi/1/kabir-azabi-insi-ve-cinni-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~kabirAzabi/2/izlefilmi-kabir-azabi-insi-ve-cinni-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~kabirAzabi/3/kabir-azabi-insi-ve-cinni-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~GelinTakimi/0/gelin-takimi-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~GelinTakimi/1/gelin-takimi-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~GelinTakimi/2/izlefilmi-gelin-takimi-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~GelinTakimi/3/gelin-takimi-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~KayipKamyon/0/kayip-kamyon-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~KayipKamyon/1/kayip-kamyon-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~KayipKamyon/2/izlefilmi-kayip-kamyon-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~KayipKamyon/3/kayip-kamyon-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Dabba/0/dabba-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~Dabba/1/dabba-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~Dabba/2/izlefilmi-dabba-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Dabba/3/dabba-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~YerliFilmler/0/bir-cumhuriyet-sarkisi-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~YerliFilmler/1/bir-cumhuriyet-sarkisi-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~YerliFilmler/2/izlefilmi-bir-cumhuriyet-sarkisi-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~YerliFilmler/3/bir-cumhuriyet-sarkisi-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Evcilik/0/evcilik-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~Evcilik/1/evcilik-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~Evcilik/2/izlefilmi-evcilik-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Evcilik/3/evcilik-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Sinemalar/0/venom-3-son-dans-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~Sinemalar/1/venom-3-son-dans-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~Sinemalar/2/izlefilmi-venom-3-son-dans-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Sinemalar/3/venom-3-son-dans-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://acepobeh.livejournal.com/473.html
    https://linksome.me/ufilmdaily/
    https://pastelink.net/oq6g7bmq
    https://dictanote.co/n/1090608/
    https://justpaste.it/ggt6c
    https://www.lifesshortlivefree.com/community/vetted-member-instructions/fullhd1080/
    https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/26568/fullhd1080
    https://forum.realdigital.org/d/209823-fullhd1080
    https://forum.daoyidh.com/topic/4241/fullhd1080
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/198664-fullhd1080
    https://forum.instube.com/d/160383-fullhd1080
    https://justpaste.me/2uUf2

  • sumanto

    COPY & PASTE LINK INTO BROWSER

    https://github.com/Stree2FriOnlen1080/
    https://github.com/Terrifier3FriOnlen1080/
    https://github.com/ThewildrobotFriOnlen1080/
    https://github.com/Joker2Deutsch2024/
    https://github.com/DerwilderoboterDeutsch2024/
    https://github.com/DerBuchspaziererDeutsch2024/
    https://github.com/HagenDeutsch2024/
    https://github.com/Terrifier3Deutsch2024/
    https://github.com/Venom3Deutsch2024/
    https://plotly.com/~LeydiDi/0/leydi-di-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~LeydiDi/1/leydi-di-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~LeydiDi/2/izlefilmi-leydi-di-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~LeydiDi/3/leydi-di-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Dengeler/0/dengeler-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~Dengeler/1/dengeler-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~Dengeler/2/izlefilmi-dengeler-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Dengeler/3/dengeler-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~kabirAzabi/0/kabir-azabi-insi-ve-cinni-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~kabirAzabi/1/kabir-azabi-insi-ve-cinni-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~kabirAzabi/2/izlefilmi-kabir-azabi-insi-ve-cinni-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~kabirAzabi/3/kabir-azabi-insi-ve-cinni-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~GelinTakimi/0/gelin-takimi-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~GelinTakimi/1/gelin-takimi-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~GelinTakimi/2/izlefilmi-gelin-takimi-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~GelinTakimi/3/gelin-takimi-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~KayipKamyon/0/kayip-kamyon-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~KayipKamyon/1/kayip-kamyon-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~KayipKamyon/2/izlefilmi-kayip-kamyon-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~KayipKamyon/3/kayip-kamyon-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Dabba/0/dabba-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~Dabba/1/dabba-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~Dabba/2/izlefilmi-dabba-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Dabba/3/dabba-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~YerliFilmler/0/bir-cumhuriyet-sarkisi-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~YerliFilmler/1/bir-cumhuriyet-sarkisi-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~YerliFilmler/2/izlefilmi-bir-cumhuriyet-sarkisi-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~YerliFilmler/3/bir-cumhuriyet-sarkisi-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Evcilik/0/evcilik-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~Evcilik/1/evcilik-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~Evcilik/2/izlefilmi-evcilik-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Evcilik/3/evcilik-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Sinemalar/0/venom-3-son-dans-2024-tek-parca-full-hd-1080p-izle/
    https://plotly.com/~Sinemalar/1/venom-3-son-dans-izle-2024-full-filmi-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj/
    https://plotly.com/~Sinemalar/2/izlefilmi-venom-3-son-dans-2024-full-hd-tek-parca-1080p-turkce-altyazl/
    https://plotly.com/~Sinemalar/3/venom-3-son-dans-2024-filmi-izle-full-hd-1080p-turkce-dublaj-ve-altyazl/
    https://acepobeh.livejournal.com/473.html
    https://linksome.me/ufilmdaily/
    https://pastelink.net/oq6g7bmq
    https://dictanote.co/n/1090608/
    https://justpaste.it/ggt6c
    https://www.lifesshortlivefree.com/community/vetted-member-instructions/fullhd1080/
    https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/26568/fullhd1080
    https://forum.realdigital.org/d/209823-fullhd1080
    https://forum.daoyidh.com/topic/4241/fullhd1080
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/198664-fullhd1080
    https://forum.instube.com/d/160383-fullhd1080
    https://justpaste.me/2uUf2

  • bake084

    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/82692120-712d-4ce3-a417-53addda6552c
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/b21efe9c-5b93-4ecb-8da3-a7e5f14c50b6
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/dcc688aa-6d7b-463c-8662-23146d875f11
    https://linkbio.co/6102000WKB2Wq
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122119550678502092
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    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122121809324498199
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122121173672473307
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122124522314442186
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122123453306441629
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122104649294569567
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122119515968529987
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122119985564503529
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122122798466496671
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122112175298422963
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/c9beff96-b2a4-44e8-be2f-3e5811017832
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/e064344b-20ae-4150-b6c9-515e4203f491
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/304158e3-54bb-4c0e-965f-5147a152ba4f
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/a52c4b0d-b965-4ce5-bc85-a440689431e2
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/b34bc536-8137-4c1d-8af3-280957c32c3c
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/a4edc750-6e3c-46d7-8730-049aabd6b331
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/1560e985-187a-48bf-970f-8627a66ca3b7
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/3bfc763d-bbbe-450a-8582-ce67f2365eb0
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/32ae689d-e14a-4381-8af5-f69dce730a8c
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/8bafb4a8-c409-4559-a4db-c0875fdae791
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/ed1367fb-17c2-443c-96d7-35f81052ab77
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/a68267d2-8441-4fb2-91f7-296631a4a152
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/d289e8e4-f571-4fc9-b1f2-197e31946825
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/2ae6c3c3-4dab-440c-ad9a-ec6ef7ef693b
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/43dd4c69-0ed7-4684-8689-397ff2e07b24

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