Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://ver-bitelchusbitelchus2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana-3-ver-bitelchus-bitelchus-2024-pelicula-online-completa-espanol-latino
https://el472024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana-3-ver-el-47-2024-pelicula-online-completa-espanol-latino
https://estacionrocafort2024pelic-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana-3-ver-estacion-rocafort-2024-pelicula-online-completa-espanol-latino
https://miamigoelpinguino2024peli-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana-3-ver-mi-amigo-el-pingueino-2024-pelicula-online-completa-espanol-latino
https://nuevatierra2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-nuevatierra2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://unsilencio2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-unsilencio2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://reinas2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-reinas2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://luzdel862024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-luzdel862024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://pepifandango2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-pepifandango2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://heroesdecentralpark2024pe-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-hroesdecentralpark2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://hellboy-thecrookedman2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-hellboythecrookedman2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://volvereis2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-volveris2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://unregaloparapapaymama2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-unregaloparapapymam2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://diabolica2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-diablica2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://elcuervo2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-elcuervo2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://islaperdidahauntedheart2-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-islaperdidahauntedheart2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://maxxxine2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-maxxxine2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://parpadeadosveces2024pelic-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-parpadeadosveces2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://odioelverano2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-odioelverano2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://alien-romulus2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-alienromulus2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://buffalokids2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-buffalokids2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://niegalosiempre2024pelicul-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-nigalosiempre2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://elcondedemontecristo2024p-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-elcondedemontecristo2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://romperelcirculo2024pelicu-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-romperelcrculo2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://cuerpoescombro2024pelicul-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-cuerpoescombro2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://borderlands2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-borderlands2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://latrampa2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-latrampa2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://10vidas2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-10vidas2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://longlegs2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-longlegs2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://deadpoolylobezno2024pelic-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-deadpoolylobezno2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://padrenohaymasqueuno4-campan-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-padrenohaymsqueuno4campanasdeboda2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://twisters2024pelicula-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-twisters2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://flymetothemoon2024pelicul-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-flymetothemoon2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://bikeriderslaleydelasfalto-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-bikeriderslaleydelasfalto2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://gru4mivillanofavorito2024-shop.fourthwall.com/products/cuevana3ver-gru4mivillanofavorito2024pelculaonlinecompletaespaollatino
https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/168277f2771ba33d6a7d8274e44e60bc147641934d8ead255b9ac21a5122ee59
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/4306/kteuktkteuktktekkt
https://forum.its-egner.de/topic/3428/rwyjrwyjrwyjryjrywj
https://toirscript.com/topic/3554/rwjrywjryjjrwyjrywj
https://forum.realdigital.org/d/77238-rwyjrwyjrwyjryjwrjy
https://forum.instube.com/d/131309-rwjryjrywjrjyrjyw
http://opensource.platon.org/forum/projects/viewtopic.php?p=12649660#12649660
https://forum.theknightonline.com/threads/tektktktuekktuektk.482598/
https://forum.gamestategames.com/d/5460-yrjrwyjryjryjryw
https://diendannhansu.com/threads/rwyjrywjrwyjryjryjrywj.543414/
https://forum.freeflarum.com/d/121273-wrrwjrwjrwjrwjrjyw
http://www.limesucks.com/thread/tektektuktuek/
https://www.ofurea.com/forum/thread/3237/tektuetektuktuektktuk/
https://www.snibc.co.uk/fusion/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=10402
https://kitemunity.com/forums/topic/8563/rywyjryjrwyyjrwyyrywjyj/view/post_id/92717
https://www.yeuthucung.com/threads/tktektektuktuktuktkuktu.500963/
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/131488-ryyrywrywjrywjrwj
https://www.tadalive.com/blog/414931/jrwyjryjryjrywjrwyjrywjrwyj/
https://doc.clickup.com/9018117031/p/h/8crb2x7-4538/111fb26c4394dde
https://www.surveyking.com/survey/5147
http://taylorhicks.ning.com/photo/albums/rwjrwyjrwyjrywjrwyj
http://playit4ward-sanantonio.ning.com/photo/albums/rwjyrrywjrjwyrwjwr
https://mypaste.fun/amjri20h18
https://new.c.mi.com/ph/post/298540/ver-M3GAN_2023_HD_Espanol_-Online_TERROR_Pelicula
https://new.c.mi.com/ph/post/297569/Online720p_-_BABYLON_2023_Peliucula_hd_completaEN
https://new.c.mi.com/ph/post/295968/VER_Terrifier_2_en_Pelicula_Espanol-4K_Gratis_-HD
https://new.c.mi.com/ph/post/296421/vER_m3gan_terrorPelicula_HD_Completa_en_ESPANOL_au
https://new.c.mi.com/ph/post/296562/4Kver_Poker_Face_Espanol-Latino_PeliculaHdStream_2
https://new.c.mi.com/br/post/492165/HD-pelisPlus_Ver_Operaci%C3%B3n_Fortune_El_gran_enga%C3%B1o
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2432426
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2432430
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2432427
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2432434
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2432438
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2432441
https://www.showwcase.com/series/1579/ver-pelicula-m3gan-online-castellano-hd-online-4k-espanol
https://www.showwcase.com/series/1583/repelis-nueva-the-first-slam-dunk-2023-mega-ver-pelicula-completa4k-en-espanol-latino
https://soundcloud.com/oquvuzug/jetzt-m3gan-strem-deutsch-g-a-n-z-e-r-film-2023-hd-online
https://soundcloud.com/oquvuzug/hd-jetzt-film-terror-m3gan-kinox-deutschonline-ganzer-film
https://soundcloud.com/oquvuzug/kinox-stream-jetzt-4k-operation-fortune-2023-ganzer-film-online-schauen
https://soundcloud.com/oquvuzug/kino-m3gan-2023ganzer-film-hd-deutsch-stream-kostenlos-hd
https://www.showwcase.com/series/1426/mega-repelis-v-e-r-m3gan-2023online-pelicula-completa-y-espanolhd
https://www.flowcode.com/page/voirstreamingvfm3ganfrench
https://www.flowcode.com/page/filmhdm3ganvfgratuit
https://www.flowcode.com/page/vfhdfilmavatar2online
https://www.flowcode.com/page/streamterrifier2onlinevf
https://hd4kmegapelism3gangratisonline.statuspage.io/
https://hdrepelisgratism3gan2023vercompletaonline.statuspage.io/
https://terrifier2peliculahd4kmegavideogratissubespanol.statuspage.io/
https://nuevopelisverbabylonstreamingpelicula4khd.statuspage.io/
https://veravatar2streamingonlinerepelis4kgratisenlinea.statuspage.io/
https://pokerfacestreamingvergratispelicula.statuspage.io/
https://elriodelairahd2023cinenuevocuevanaflix.statuspage.io/
https://subespanolverdetectiveknightredencionpeliculagratishd2023.statuspage.io/
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/cuevana-3online-m3gan-hd-verpelicula-terror-2023
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/ver-m3gan-nuevo-pelicula-completa-en-espanol-hd-2023
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/ver-cuevana-operacion-fortune-el-gran-engano-2023-hd-espanol-y-latino-gratis-mp4
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/ver-repelis-avatar2-2022el-sentido-del-agua-pelicula-completa-en-espanol
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/ver-el-peor-vecino-del-mundo-a-man-called-otto-pelicula-mp4-completa-en-espanol-latino-hd
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/verpelicula-babylon-pelicula-completa-en-espanol-latino-hd-2023
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/hd-repelis-el-menu-2022-pelicula-completa-gratis-online-en-espanol-latino-asf-asda
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/ver.-720p-mega-el-menu-2022-pelicula-completa-or/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/pelicula-hd-m3gan-online-en-espanol-ver-gratis/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/e-max-cines-ver-terrifier-2-online-pelicula-co/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/mega-.123repelis-babylon-2023-hd-online-la-p/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/pelicula-completa-ver-m3gan-online-hd-sub-es/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/hd-pl4y-ver-online.-avatar-el-sentido-del-agu/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/playcinemas-2023-ver-poker-face-online-pelicul/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/online-123pelis-hd-detective-knight-redencion-2/
https://www.showwcase.com/series/1426/mega-repelis-v-e-r-m3gan-2023online-pelicula-completa-y-espanolhd
https://www.flowcode.com/page/voirstreamingvfm3ganfrench
https://www.flowcode.com/page/filmhdm3ganvfgratuit
https://www.flowcode.com/page/vfhdfilmavatar2online
https://www.flowcode.com/page/streamterrifier2onlinevf
https://hd4kmegapelism3gangratisonline.statuspage.io/
https://hdrepelisgratism3gan2023vercompletaonline.statuspage.io/
https://terrifier2peliculahd4kmegavideogratissubespanol.statuspage.io/
https://nuevopelisverbabylonstreamingpelicula4khd.statuspage.io/
https://veravatar2streamingonlinerepelis4kgratisenlinea.statuspage.io/
https://pokerfacestreamingvergratispelicula.statuspage.io/
https://elriodelairahd2023cinenuevocuevanaflix.statuspage.io/
https://subespanolverdetectiveknightredencionpeliculagratishd2023.statuspage.io/
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/cuevana-3online-m3gan-hd-verpelicula-terror-2023
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/ver-m3gan-nuevo-pelicula-completa-en-espanol-hd-2023
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/ver-cuevana-operacion-fortune-el-gran-engano-2023-hd-espanol-y-latino-gratis-mp4
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/ver-repelis-avatar2-2022el-sentido-del-agua-pelicula-completa-en-espanol
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/ver-el-peor-vecino-del-mundo-a-man-called-otto-pelicula-mp4-completa-en-espanol-latino-hd
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/verpelicula-babylon-pelicula-completa-en-espanol-latino-hd-2023
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/hd-repelis-el-menu-2022-pelicula-completa-gratis-online-en-espanol-latino-asf-asda
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/ver.-720p-mega-el-menu-2022-pelicula-completa-or/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/pelicula-hd-m3gan-online-en-espanol-ver-gratis/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/e-max-cines-ver-terrifier-2-online-pelicula-co/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/mega-.123repelis-babylon-2023-hd-online-la-p/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/pelicula-completa-ver-m3gan-online-hd-sub-es/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/hd-pl4y-ver-online.-avatar-el-sentido-del-agu/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/playcinemas-2023-ver-poker-face-online-pelicul/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/online-123pelis-hd-detective-knight-redencion-2/
https://www.showwcase.com/series/1426/mega-repelis-v-e-r-m3gan-2023online-pelicula-completa-y-espanolhd
https://www.flowcode.com/page/voirstreamingvfm3ganfrench
https://www.flowcode.com/page/filmhdm3ganvfgratuit
https://www.flowcode.com/page/vfhdfilmavatar2online
https://www.flowcode.com/page/streamterrifier2onlinevf
https://hd4kmegapelism3gangratisonline.statuspage.io/
https://hdrepelisgratism3gan2023vercompletaonline.statuspage.io/
https://terrifier2peliculahd4kmegavideogratissubespanol.statuspage.io/
https://nuevopelisverbabylonstreamingpelicula4khd.statuspage.io/
https://veravatar2streamingonlinerepelis4kgratisenlinea.statuspage.io/
https://pokerfacestreamingvergratispelicula.statuspage.io/
https://elriodelairahd2023cinenuevocuevanaflix.statuspage.io/
https://subespanolverdetectiveknightredencionpeliculagratishd2023.statuspage.io/
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/cuevana-3online-m3gan-hd-verpelicula-terror-2023
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/ver-m3gan-nuevo-pelicula-completa-en-espanol-hd-2023
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/ver-cuevana-operacion-fortune-el-gran-engano-2023-hd-espanol-y-latino-gratis-mp4
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/ver-repelis-avatar2-2022el-sentido-del-agua-pelicula-completa-en-espanol
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/ver-el-peor-vecino-del-mundo-a-man-called-otto-pelicula-mp4-completa-en-espanol-latino-hd
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/verpelicula-babylon-pelicula-completa-en-espanol-latino-hd-2023
https://www.podcasts.com/hd-cineplus/episode/hd-repelis-el-menu-2022-pelicula-completa-gratis-online-en-espanol-latino-asf-asda
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/ver.-720p-mega-el-menu-2022-pelicula-completa-or/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/pelicula-hd-m3gan-online-en-espanol-ver-gratis/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/e-max-cines-ver-terrifier-2-online-pelicula-co/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/mega-.123repelis-babylon-2023-hd-online-la-p/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/pelicula-completa-ver-m3gan-online-hd-sub-es/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/hd-pl4y-ver-online.-avatar-el-sentido-del-agu/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/playcinemas-2023-ver-poker-face-online-pelicul/
https://123pelispremiere-mega-online.gitbook.io/online-123pelis-hd-detective-knight-redencion-2/
https://www.showwcase.com/show/21737/mega-online-ver-hd-m3gan-2023oror-pelicula-completa-4k-mejor-gratis-cuevana-3
https://www.showwcase.com/series/965/pelispluslessver-m3gan-2023-gratis-pelicula-completa-en-linea
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2431787
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2431789
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2431792
https://soundcloud.com/iciwvaxen/ver-m3gan-espanol720p-la-pelicula-2023-completa-online-enlatino-hd
https://soundcloud.com/iciwvaxen/mira-gratis-m3gan-2023-mp4-download-pelicula-completahdespanol-y-latino
https://soundcloud.com/iciwvaxen/cuevana3-ver-terrifier-2-2023-pelicula-online-gratis-en-espanol-latino
https://soundcloud.com/iciwvaxen/verbabylon2023dramapelicula-completa-mejor-hd1080p-espanol-y-latino
https://soundcloud.com/iciwvaxen/mejorcine-2023-operacion-fortune-el-gran-engano-hd-ver-peliculas-del-cine-gratis-online
https://www.monhorlogerlyon.com/forum/discussions-generales/hd-watch-4k-m3gan-fullmovie-streaming-2023-online-free
https://www.monhorlogerlyon.com/forum/discussions-generales/watch-m3gan-sub-english-720p-en-hd-movie-free-streaming-online-4k
https://www.monhorlogerlyon.com/forum/discussions-generales/hd-the-menu-2022-fullmovie-online-download-free-480p-720p-and-1080p-on-eng-sub
https://www.monhorlogerlyon.com/forum/discussions-generales/watch-online-the-first-slam-dunk-hd-full-2023-movie-anime
https://www.monhorlogerlyon.com/forum/discussions-generales/full-version-avatar-2-the-way-of-water-movie-online-torrent-link-2022-english-sub
https://new.c.mi.com/ph/post/297144/P_e_l_i_s_plUS__Ver_M3GAN_2023_Online_en_Espa%C3%B1ol_L
https://new.c.mi.com/ph/post/296152/HD_-CUEvana3pro_Ver_Pelicula_M3GAN_Onlineespa%C3%B1ol
Leave a comment