sustainability · 4705 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/5799521402486784/
    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/4655433852649472/
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    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/5179634946670592/
    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/4759099683110912/
    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/5781333759492096/
    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/5779425384726528/
    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/6656441935986688/
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c6d79d34cf547a5fc3955
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c6cd752c5687b1e5e3cbc
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c6c11e4fb1eae90c81be7
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    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c74deeafe4df5ef7546b9
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c75c852c5687b1e5e3f0f

    https://nas.io/cely-filmy-online-dabing-i-titulky
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    https://www.stou.ac.th/Schools/Sla/Main/Conversation/Question.asp?GID=64433
    https://calis.delfi.lv/blogs/posts/214959-wryjrwjwrjwjry/lietotajs/310317-bakayarro/
    http://nopaste.paefchen.net/1961119
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    https://www.pasteonline.net/untitled-1954
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    https://paste.mozilla.org/9DNtUzG0
    https://yamcode.com/drescode-2-15
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    https://onlinegdb.com/tTMxFxApB
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    https://www.bankier.pl/forum/temat_etkteuktutektk,62801855.html
    https://paste.azago.in/a76iGKG5QT
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    https://anotepad.com/notes/nj4xqqda

  • rwyjrwyjrwrjy

    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c8f88eafe4df5ef754b6b
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c903fd34cf547a5fc402d
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c90abd34cf547a5fc4041
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c91acf243b17b0ae023ac
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c924df243b17b0ae023b8
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c92b752c5687b1e5e4624
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c9324eafe4df5ef754bf9
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c9456f243b17b0ae02403
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c94bd0a044f151753b207
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c950c0a044f151753b21a
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c9576d34cf547a5fc40e4
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c95d3e4fb1eae90c82519
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c964552c5687b1e5e46c3
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c96b70a044f151753b262
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c971bf243b17b0ae0254f
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c9765e4fb1eae90c839f7
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c97ba52c5687b1e5e7ab2
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c97fa0a044f151753fe6a
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c986ee4fb1eae90c88449
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c98e9d34cf547a5fc9190
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c992c52c5687b1e5ea870
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    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c9a69f243b17b0ae083e1
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c9ad4f243b17b0ae083eb
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c9b21f243b17b0ae083f6
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c9b9d52c5687b1e5ea8ee
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c9c26e4fb1eae90c8850a
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c9c65f243b17b0ae08439
    https://www.hayo.com/article/651c9ccfe4fb1eae90c8851c
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    https://nas.io/hd-ganzer-film-auf-deutsch
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    https://dpaste.org/ESvYb
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    https://onlinegdb.com/sXni8CZ23
    https://bitbin.it/lLzxHfge/
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    https://www.onfeetnation.com/profiles/blogs/rwyjrwjrwjrwjwrjwryj
    https://www.stou.ac.th/Schools/Sla/Main/Conversation/Question.asp?GID=64434
    https://calis.delfi.lv/blogs/posts/214961-tektktekkteutek/lietotajs/310317-bakayarro/
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    https://www.bankier.pl/forum/temat_teuktuektktuk,62801773.html

  • scsccCS

    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122101845830067029
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    https://groups.google.com/g/moviestar2023/c/FpszrWEADLw
    https://groups.google.com/g/film-hd-2023/c/ERn2AbObdX4

  • sdgseg

    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/192b482a-15b6-48d2-af79-f2943fd3fa5b
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1KKMKcDnE2aVoD9ThxAT9p-m1K42stLSF
    https://sites.google.com/siheb.com/2023-hd-thai/
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102366978061291
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102133692063154
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    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122095107878071447
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/885c373a-2096-416d-8227-268074f31231
    https://forum.webnovel.com/d/112135-1080p
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122104175186060179
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122106852956055194
    https://groups.google.com/g/the-volunteers-to-the-war-1080p/c/FYxqC3lbrHU
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1062dN96V28ByM5WQFGHzk-cd0alK-Ves
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/097f2d3f-d760-49d5-b353-cdb4bec6f2ef

  • sadassw

    https://sites.google.com/yomdi.com/1080p-2023/halaman-muka
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    https://sites.google.com/yomdi.com/2023-hd-1080p/halaman-muka
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    https://sites.google.com/yomdi.com/hd-film-2023/halaman-muka
    https://groups.google.com/g/-2023—-hd-7204k/c/RgVhjU7Yhuk
    https://groups.google.com/g/fullhdfilm/c/yaT8Pw_Yjao
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    https://groups.google.com/g/moviehd2023/c/T33Yas5JfCM
    https://sites.google.com/yomdi.com/hdfilm2023/halaman-muka
    https://sites.google.com/yomdi.com/20231080p/halaman-muka
    https://sites.google.com/yomdi.com/2023hd-1080p/halaman-muka
    https://sites.google.com/yomdi.com/2023film/halaman-muka
    https://sites.google.com/yomdi.com/2023-film/halaman-muka
    https://groups.google.com/g/filmhits2023/c/KJzxPMFvR-o
    https://groups.google.com/g/an-encounter-2023/c/CSPliKoCH18
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    https://groups.google.com/g/newfilm20234k/c/oFjCkfvVOHQ

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