sustainability · 5469 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=248&fileName=dg6ih.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=249&fileName=e7aiu.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=250&fileName=e8jak.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=251&fileName=fda87k.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=252&fileName=g7kag.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=253&fileName=gbfds7.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=254&fileName=gd7kj.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=255&fileName=gdshea.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=256&fileName=hdh8k.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=265&fileName=hdja78.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=257&fileName=ikla7j.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=258&fileName=jdas8.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=259&fileName=jhsd9k.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=260&fileName=jnbgu.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=261&fileName=kj980.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=262&fileName=maudkj.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=263&fileName=sa8kj.pdf
    https://westmont.illinois.gov/Admin/FormHistory.aspx?SID=264&fileName=vsb7yjk.pdf
    https://www.enaref.gov.bf/fr/node/1261033
    https://thelinuxforum.com/forum/forum-community/off-topic/28101-bnsadbnmasdbnmasd
    https://graph.org/ayatauaiwa0-01-21
    https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/32733/vzbzxvnzvuyasas
    https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/46106/awaytytaiuaiua
    https://forum.daoyidh.com/topic/18161/vbnmawuamua
    https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/47622/cbakuiaiuwa
    https://techworld.microsoftcrmportals.com/forums/general-discussion/2e623202-b0d7-ef11-a81b-7c1e5237c1ec
    https://forums.bohemia.net/forums/topic/342247-aiuoiwaoiwaoiawoioawo/
    https://coffeeansley.alboompro.com/post/bacajhawkykaw
    https://gns3.com/community/discussions/one-of-them-days-comedy-where-to-watch
    https://www.freewebmarks.com/story/nhsksjksdkjsdsd
    https://www.sbookmarking.com/story/awasdasd
    https://www.pbookmarking.com/story/gb-ah-ak-syu-ai-enaref
    https://info.undp.org/docs/dao/UNSP2015/Lists/PostSurvey/Item/displayifs.aspx?ID=166048
    https://paste.ee/p/7fybQ1Mk
    https://etextpad.com/3vhf9ruyqq
    https://www.pastery.net/mfjkmu/
    https://anonpaste.io/share/3c45e07080
    https://yamcode.com/untitled-120192
    https://pastelink.net/h1kkswsl
    https://freepaste.link/d7mfxqralk
    https://glot.io/snippets/h3vaod485j
    https://notes.io/wVsyz
    https://pastebin.com/jnaFeG3L
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/ba91de57
    https://paste.centos.org/view/3048ca55
    https://paste.kodi.tv/qaroqonufu
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    https://paste.enginehub.org/RrnCKJnPx
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    https://prod.pastebin.prod.webservices.mozgcp.net/LniNK0gh
    https://controlc.com/d4abf152
    https://paiza.io/projects/0wf5z9cTPINkemZ9SZYFpw?language=php
    https://rextester.com/ZGQTA46986
    https://jsbin.com/tiruxitite/edit?html,output
    https://www.wowace.com/paste/6c7d83f5
    https://playcode.io/2229595
    https://www.egr.msu.edu/nextgen/wiki/index.php/Vital_Abilities_For_Finding_Job_Opportunities_On_The_Internet_In_India
    https://yiijima.sakura.ne.jp/wiki/e01/?bamukanyaw
    https://wokwi.com/projects/420665193075984385
    https://app.daily.dev/posts/xnmmncnxmncvbnmxsdyuo-toeuuk6gp
    https://www.pixiv.net/novel/show.php?id=23860969
    https://hackmd.io/@powerfulnoelle/rybEAs2w1l
    https://public.flourish.studio/story/2832758/
    https://www.gmbinder.com/share/-OH6IfNNtizVUMRsnoJA
    https://zip.dk/gaeste/bog.php3/44689/
    https://klse.i3investor.com/servlets/pfs/197818.jsp
    https://onlinegdb.com/azduyfDG8

  • rindusejati

    https://www.resume.id/works/932e3338c0a4bfef
    https://www.resume.id/works/535c4f319d4a70c7
    https://www.resume.id/works/086b665b22b13eb0
    https://www.resume.id/works/97ef31d88e74ec44
    https://www.resume.id/works/929fba7c27986b2e
    https://www.resume.id/works/6245db2e9bf80e39
    https://www.resume.id/works/5705d227d2fb0827
    https://www.resume.id/works/f34265ae1beab463
    https://www.resume.id/works/a6a1e5ec9315ac86
    https://www.resume.id/works/00a865b1cfaa5891
    https://www.resume.id/works/945794533ba6a7f4
    https://www.resume.id/works/a5c58893f97503bc
    https://www.resume.id/works/dbfd45b8765f52d2
    https://www.resume.id/works/1dcf6cf6048c1c2d
    https://www.resume.id/works/bb1c53717696ff98
    https://www.resume.id/works/817a72f2012e453a
    https://www.resume.id/works/b8f2a077fbc01c91
    https://www.resume.id/works/42463c698243816b
    https://www.resume.id/works/c13ca9213183b201
    https://www.resume.id/works/7f8322b57707974b
    https://www.resume.id/works/09d24be9c929ff09
    https://www.resume.id/works/420be93037d9f2c9
    https://www.resume.id/works/fb0af824195cc2f1
    https://www.resume.id/works/bcd988f701c85cd9
    https://www.resume.id/works/eae6eff16510995f
    https://www.resume.id/works/0c4125dbdd695863
    https://www.bankier.pl/forum/wiadomosc-zapisana?post_id=69636371&obs=&emal=&st=1&thread_id=
    https://matters.town/a/5t87ymk2q0gk
    https://www.nehannn.com/artist-detail/18.html
    https://www.asteriskguru.com/tutorials/comment_add.php
    https://peoplefirst-hamburg.de/index.php/guestbook/index/index
    https://hackmd.io/VV8QPo7HTWy3OQ-JXbpMGg
    https://hackmd.io/i1AD3B5RSr-N0uvmelHj9A
    https://pastelink.net/giaejp1z
    https://jsitor.com/VZ9mXF6Uh_
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/e10ba435
    https://jsfiddle.net/et0qbx6y/
    https://yamcode.com/rindusejati-157

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