sustainability · 5468 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGO_TRADING/comments/1dcb9g0/latest_monopoly_go_free_dice_rolls_links_todays/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGoCommunity/comments/1dr7i0s/newidea_instant_1000_monopoly_go_free_dice_links/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1euigx1/monopoly_go_free_dice_links_hack_rolls/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1euifir/monopoly_go_free_dice_links_hack_2024/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1f13esi/monopoly_go_free_dice_hack_get_27_links_daily/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1ezfp28/awesome_monopoly_go_hack_to_get_100_free_dice/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1esmcoa/monopoly_go_free_dice_links_free_monopoly_go_dice/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1eydh1c/free_monopoly_go_dice_links_unlimited_access/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1elcfh0/monopoly_go_hack_free_dice_rolls_daily_links_2024/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1euiabs/free_monopoly_go_dice_links_hack/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1f13foj/monopoly_go_free_dice_hack_get_28_links_daily/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1eveyfu/monopoly_go_hack_free_dice_rolls_links_update/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1elcf1v/monopoly_go_hack_free_dice_rolls_daily_links_2024/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1elcftt/monopoly_go_hack_free_dice_rolls_daily_links_2024/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/MonopolyGotradinghub/comments/1ewozks/monopoly_go_dice_links_free_awesome_free_dice/
    https://www.deviantart.com/kryogiutdfger/journal/joperjoirejre-1099683229
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    https://pastelink.net/lit0jwfr
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    https://wokwi.com/projects/409255485400733697
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    https://jsfiddle.net/q2sv567k/
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    https://etextpad.com/1b29nasldu
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    https://rextester.com/EOSQ3361
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    https://tech.io/snippet/sKOjmTg
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    https://paste.toolforge.org/view/167d3ffd
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    https://www.pastery.net/zubdba/
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    https://www.it-fc.de/index.php/forum/showposts/index/topicid/1211
    https://telegra.ph/guyih7rygj-09-17
    https://paste.centos.org/view/27c11794
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    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/89985369
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    https://toirscript.com/topic/5609/gkguynjtfvttt
    https://authors-old.curseforge.com/paste/2a2c6be3
    https://www.wowace.com/paste/a15ad902
    https://dev.bukkit.org/paste/1c1c2b03
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    https://paiza.io/projects/BPMPSZYKMR_LsOO1slbF3A
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    https://rextester.com/ESPNI69554
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    https://www.pastery.net/hmztzj/
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/140973-fgjgyinb5efhhdfry
    https://forum.instube.com/d/139253-eryhrtubrywre
    https://xdaforums.com/t/xiaomi-fimi-a3.4693074/
    https://www.forexagone.com/forum/questions-debutants/xiaomi-fimi-a3-after-5-years-157726
    https://forum.realdigital.org/d/102611-rthjhuintyhurtger

  • teh

    https://topmate.io/sinoooooooooo_dodoooooooooo/1216446
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    https://topmate.io/sinoooooooooo_dodoooooooooo/1216451

    https://topmate.io/sioplusssssssssss_sioplus/1216457
    https://topmate.io/sioplusssssssssss_sioplus/1216460
    https://topmate.io/sioplusssssssssss_sioplus/1216461
    https://topmate.io/sioplusssssssssss_sioplus/1216464

    https://www.strava.com/athletes/145437836/posts/32351182
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/145437836/posts/32351240
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/145437836/posts/32351353
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/145437836/posts/32351399
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/145437836/posts/32351528
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/145437836/posts/32351573

    https://www.strava.com/athletes/145437836/posts/32351636
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/145437836/posts/32351683
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/145437836/posts/32351770
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/145437836/posts/32351812
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/145437836/posts/32351886

    https://qna.habr.com/user/jorojammmmmmmmmmmmm
    https://qna.habr.com/user/cecipaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
    https://qna.habr.com/user/xejiccccccccccccccccc
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    https://qna.habr.com/user/dejoyddddddddddddd

    https://qna.habr.com/user/jejaraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
    https://qna.habr.com/user/fixilxxxxxxxxxxxxx
    https://qna.habr.com/user/tevoroooooooooooooo
    https://qna.habr.com/user/jafiwwwwwwwwwwwwww
    https://qna.habr.com/user/gomotooooooooo

    https://zealy.io/cw/transformersonepelisflixespaolylatino/questboard
    https://zealy.io/cw/transformersonecastellanoespelisplusgthd/questboard
    https://zealy.io/cw/wolfsespaolylatinonuevover/questboard
    https://zealy.io/cw/wolfsmp4fulgthdcuevanaespanol2024/questboard
    https://zealy.io/cw/nohablesconextraoscompletafulhdespaolylatino/questboard

    https://zealy.io/cw/puntossuspensivospelisflixonlinegratisespaol/questboard
    https://zealy.io/cw/puntossuspensivospelisplusespaol2024/questboard
    https://zealy.io/cw/lahojarascafulhdespaol2024pelicula/questboard
    https://zealy.io/cw/elteoremademargueritehdenespaol2024/questboard
    https://zealy.io/cw/elteoremademargueriteverlapelculassubtitulado/questboard

    https://degcos515.outgrow.us/degcos515-2
    https://cetnob516.outgrow.us/cetnob516-2
    https://asaud38.outgrow.us/asaud38-2
    https://cetnob930.outgrow.us/cetnob930-2
    https://cetnob94.outgrow.us/cetnob94-2

    https://cetnob918.outgrow.us/cetnob918-2
    https://cetnob564.outgrow.us/cetnob564-2
    https://degcos333.outgrow.us/degcos333-2
    https://degcos45.outgrow.us/degcos45-2
    https://cetnob309.outgrow.us/cetnob309-2

    https://billetto.co.uk/users/transformers-one-subtitulado-cuevana-v-e-r-720p/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/transformers-one-espanol-y-latino-mp4-ver-la-peliculas/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/wolfs-espanol-y-latino-mp4-ver-la-peliculas/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/wolfs-espanol-2024-pelicula/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/no-hables-con-extranos-la-peliculas-completas-4k/details

    https://billetto.co.uk/users/el-teorema-de-marguerite-cuevana-sub-espanol-2024/details
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    https://billetto.co.uk/users/puntos-suspensivos-nuevo-4k-ver-la-peliculas-ful-hd/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/puntos-suspensivos-pelicula-espanol-y-latino/details
    https://billetto.co.uk/users/juega-o-muere-ver-la-peliculas-sub-espanol-2024-4k/details

  • Rachel

    https://www.strava.com/athletes/146919824/posts/32164728
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/146919824/posts/32310321
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/146919824/posts/32310464
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/146919824/posts/32310518
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/vezitransformersunu/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/transformersunu2024/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/jedamah990/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/timiye8765/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/mitavi6143/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/mejiha4617/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/pefic28491/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/gilir64355/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/kivoreh920/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/desaso4045/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/cabicos365/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/fasora8844/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/riroje8086/boxoffice/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/0/assistirhd-robo-selvagem-pt-2024-filme-completo-dublado-em-portuguese/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/1/assistir-robo-selvagem-2024-filme-completo-dublado-e-legendado-em-portuguese/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/2/assistirfilme-silvio-santos-o-sequestro-pt-2024-filme-completo-dublado-em-portug/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/3/assistir-silvio-santos-o-sequestro-2024-pt-filme-completo-em-portuguese/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/4/assistirfilme-a-forja-o-poder-da-transformacao-pt-2024-filme-completo-dublado-em/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/5/assistir-a-forja-o-poder-da-transformacao-2024-pt-filme-completo-em-portuguese/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/6/assistirfilme-coringa-delirio-a-dois-pt-2024-filme-completo-dublado-em-portugues/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/7/assistir-coringa-delirio-a-dois-2024-pt-filme-completo-em-portuguese/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/8/assistirfilme-transformers-o-inicio-pt-2024-filme-completo-dublado-em-portuguese/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/9/assistir-transformers-o-inicio-2024-pt-filme-completo-em-portuguese/
    https://about.me/moviefressh
    https://muckrack.com/bae-barbara/bio
    https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/desmovplay/profile
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    https://solo.to/movuniversal
    https://findaspring.org/members/haikyupelicula/
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    https://rextester.com/XFIA7655
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    https://homment.com/7ihsFHlnDs7rbNWNScdK
    https://www.etextpad.com/uk5qu79pbu
    https://dictanote.co/n/1068018/

  • Rachel

    https://www.strava.com/athletes/146919824/posts/32164728
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/146919824/posts/32310321
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/146919824/posts/32310464
    https://www.strava.com/athletes/146919824/posts/32310518
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/vezitransformersunu/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/transformersunu2024/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/jedamah990/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/timiye8765/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/mitavi6143/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/mejiha4617/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/pefic28491/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/gilir64355/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/kivoreh920/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/desaso4045/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/cabicos365/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/fasora8844/boxoffice/
    https://www.eventbee.com/v/riroje8086/boxoffice/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/0/assistirhd-robo-selvagem-pt-2024-filme-completo-dublado-em-portuguese/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/1/assistir-robo-selvagem-2024-filme-completo-dublado-e-legendado-em-portuguese/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/2/assistirfilme-silvio-santos-o-sequestro-pt-2024-filme-completo-dublado-em-portug/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/3/assistir-silvio-santos-o-sequestro-2024-pt-filme-completo-em-portuguese/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/4/assistirfilme-a-forja-o-poder-da-transformacao-pt-2024-filme-completo-dublado-em/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/5/assistir-a-forja-o-poder-da-transformacao-2024-pt-filme-completo-em-portuguese/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/6/assistirfilme-coringa-delirio-a-dois-pt-2024-filme-completo-dublado-em-portugues/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/7/assistir-coringa-delirio-a-dois-2024-pt-filme-completo-em-portuguese/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/8/assistirfilme-transformers-o-inicio-pt-2024-filme-completo-dublado-em-portuguese/
    https://plotly.com/~cinemadoro187/9/assistir-transformers-o-inicio-2024-pt-filme-completo-em-portuguese/
    https://about.me/moviefressh
    https://muckrack.com/bae-barbara/bio
    https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/desmovplay/profile
    https://b.hatena.ne.jp/desmovplay/bookmark
    https://solo.to/movuniversal
    https://findaspring.org/members/haikyupelicula/
    https://paste.ee/p/E6Gry
    https://jsfiddle.net/cindyyuvia/h0392zuj/
    https://jsitor.com/sflprW0p1t
    https://wokwi.com/projects/409206262379527169
    https://pastelink.net/h58pfx2q
    https://glot.io/snippets/gzzv0nbzb4
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/fa15420c
    https://onlinegdb.com/EZFI1LzBx
    https://paiza.io/projects/CBSb8PGWfHEe6se2QxwwZg
    https://rextester.com/XFIA7655
    https://output.jsbin.com/numucod
    https://pastebin.com/nz43De9H
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    https://paste.intergen.online/view/f2bc4fbb
    https://snippet.host/zxenzb
    https://rentry.co/y7ooknp7
    https://yamcode.com/ajskdc-358
    https://justpaste.it/epjxm
    https://homment.com/7ihsFHlnDs7rbNWNScdK
    https://www.etextpad.com/uk5qu79pbu
    https://dictanote.co/n/1068018/

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